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Ans :- Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers. Industrial bioremediation is used to clean wastewater.

Biodegradation Capacities of White rot fungi.

Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Pollutants.

Remediating Metals.

Pesticide Degradation.

Environmental Applications.

Examples of studies of Archaea involved in bioremediation.

Biopiling.

The answer is starch

एकरासायनिक बंधनपरमाणुओं,आयनोंयाअणुओं केबीच एक स्थायी आकर्षण है जोरासायनिक यौगिकोंके गठन को सक्षम करताहै।बॉन्ड आयनिक बॉन्ड के रूप में यासहसंयोजक बॉन्डमें इलेक्ट्रॉनों के बंटवारे के रूप में चार्ज किए गए आयनों के बीच आकर्षण केइलेक्ट्रोस्टैटिक बलसे हो सकता है।रासायनिक बांड की ताकत काफी भिन्न होती है;"मजबूत बॉन्ड" या "प्राइमरी बॉन्ड्स" जैसे सहसंयोजक,आयनिकऔरधात्विकबांड और "कमजोर बॉन्ड" या "सेकेंडरी बॉन्ड" जैसेडिपोल-डिपोल इंटरैक्शन,लंदन फैलाव बलऔरहाइड्रोजन बॉन्डिंग हैं।

चूंकि विपरीत चार्ज एक सरलविद्युत चुम्बकीय बल केमाध्यम से आकर्षित होते हैं, नकारात्मक रूप से चार्ज किए गएइलेक्ट्रॉनजो नाभिक की परिक्रमा कर रहे हैं और नाभिक में सकारात्मक चार्ज किए गएप्रोटॉनएक दूसरे को आकर्षित करते हैं।दो नाभिकों के बीच स्थित एक इलेक्ट्रॉन उन दोनों के लिए आकर्षित होगा, और नाभिक इस स्थिति में इलेक्ट्रॉनों की ओर आकर्षित होगा।यह आकर्षण रासायनिक बंधन का गठन करता है।इलेक्ट्रॉनों कीपदार्थ तरंगप्रकृति और उनके छोटे द्रव्यमान के कारण, उन्हें नाभिक की तुलना में बहुत अधिक मात्रा में कब्जा करना चाहिए, और इलेक्ट्रॉनों द्वारा कब्जा की गई यह मात्रा परमाणु नाभिक को आकार के साथ तुलना में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक दूर रखती है। नाभिक के स्व।

Most life on earth is fueled directly or indirectly by sunlight. There are, however, certain groups of bacteria, referred to aschemosynthetic autotrophs, that are fueled not by the sun but by the oxidation of simple inorganic chemicals, such as sulfates or ammonia.

write characteristics of bacteria

Contact processStep 1:Preparation of sulphur dioxide:

SO2is prepared by burningsulphurin the presence of excess air so that the product combines with oxygen which is helpful for the next stage.

S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)

Step 2:Preparation of sulphur trioxide:

Sulphur trioxide is formed when sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen in a ratio of 1:1 at a temperature of 400°C – 450°C and a pressure of 1-2 atm in the presence of N2O5as a catalyst. This reaction is reversible in nature.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

Step 3:Preparation of concentrated sulphuric acid:

The sulphur trioxide formed is first made to react with concentrated sulphuric acid. Sulphur trioxide cannot be dissolved in water directly as it leads to the formation of fog. The product obtained after this reaction is known as oleum. The oleum obtained is then dissolved in water to obtain concentrated sulphuric acid.

H2SO4+ SO3(g) → H2S2O7(l)

H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4

Haber ProcessNitrogen from the air is combined with hydrogen. The hydrogen is often obtained through a reaction with natural gas and steam. Sometimes it is obtained from cracking, or when a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.

The hydrogen and nitrogen gases are sent to the compressor where they are subjected to 200 atmospheres (or 200 times the pressure you're used to right now)

The pressurized gases are then sent to the converter, which heats the gases to around 450 degrees C. The converter contains iron, which is acatalyst, meaning it aides in the reaction but it isn't used up in the reaction. More specifically, the nitrogen and hydrogen react on the iron's surface. Approximately 15% of the hydrogen and nitrogen become ammonia at this point.

The next stop is the cooling tank where ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen are cooled, causing the ammonia to turn into a liquid. This ammonia is collected.

The hydrogen and nitrogen then go back into the converter where more ammonia is produced. It's cooled again and the ammonia is collected. This is repeated several times until most of the hydrogen and nitrogen have been transformed into ammonia.

Cyclic Process: When a system returns to it's original state after completing a series of change , then it is known that a cyclic is completed. In cyclic process the initial and the final state is same. For cyclic process the net change in internal energy (∆U) is zero

Isochoric Process: An isochoric process also called constant volume process, an isovolumetric process is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant

a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, equal to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

1.atomic mass unit is one twelfth of mass of carbon-12 isotope. it is the unit to measure mass of atoms and molecules.2. an atom has an extremely small size. hence it cannot be seen with naked eyes

1..Atomic mass unit is an unit of mass used to express the atomic and molecular weights.It is equal to one- twelfth of the mass on Carbon-12 atom.

2.. Size of an atom is very small.it is so many times thicker than hair.So we can't see atom with naked eye

Given density (d) = 8.55 g/cm³Atomic mass (M) = 93u = 93 g/molWe know, Avogadro number, N = 6.022 × 10²³given lattice is body - centered cubic,

so, number of atoms per unit cell (z) = 2

we know, d = z×M/a³×N=> 8.55 = (2 × 93)/(a³ × 6.023 × 10²³)=> 8.55 × a³ × 6.023 × 10²³ = 186 => a³ = 186/(8.55 × 6.023 × 10²³)=> a³ = 36.124 × 10^-24 => a = 3.3057 × 10^-8 cm

for BCC unit cell, radius = √3a/4 = (√3 × 3.3057 × 10^-8)/4 = (1.732 × 3.3057)/4 × 10^-8 = 1.429 × 10^-8 cm = 14.29 × 10^-9 m = 14.29 nm

(b) 1:1

Facts about elements:

1. Calcium isn't found free in nature, but it can be purified into a soft silvery-white alkaline earth metal.

2. Carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of the elements. The melting point of diamond is 3550°C, with the sublimation point of carbon around 3800°C. Helium is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and inert. 3. Hydrogen is the most abundant element. About 75% of the element mass of the universe is hydrogen. 4. The single largest use of iron is to make steel, an alloy of iron and a smaller amount of carbon. According to achaeological records from Anatolia, man has been producing steel for at least 4,000 years. 5. Lithium metal is made by electrolysis of fused lithium chloride.

Cellsare thebasicbuilding blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions ofcells, all with their own specialisedfunction.Cellsare thebasic structuresof all living organisms.Cellsprovidestructurefor the body, take in nutrients from food and carry outimportant functions.

sp3d is MX5 kind of geomtery in which two are at axial positions and other at equitorial positions. Hence no. of X-M-X bonds of 180 degree are = 1

In sp3d2 it is octahederal type geomtery hence there would be 3 bonds with straight 180 degree.

option 3

thank you

thank you

ans .higher bond order mean more stability.beacuse bonds in the compound between the given atoms is more. Example - the bond order on N2 is 3 as it contains 3 bonds between its N atoms. Higher the number of bonds, difficult it is to break it. That is why Nitrogen gas is said to be chemically inert. Hence, the compound shows less reactivity due to high bond dissociation energy for greater number of bonds which results in more stability of the compound!ans - c

Answer:b)7Explanation:Thelong formof theperiodic tableis based upon the electronic configuration of the elements. It is the presentformor the modernperiodic tableof elements. The modernperiodic tableof elements consists of 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows.Thus,Long form of the periodic table contains seven periods as the last element contains7th7thvalence shell

CaCO3 = 100 g /mol

H2SO4 = 98 g/mol

NaOH-39.99 g/mol

The stability of carbocations increases as we go from primary to secondary to tertiary carbons. There’s two answers as to why this is. The age-old answer that is still passed around in many introductory textbooks points to carbons (alkyl groups in particular) as being “electron-releasing” groups through inductive effects. That is, a carbon (electronegativity 2.5) connected to hydrogen (electronegativity 2.2) will be electron rich, and can donate some of those electrons to the neighboring carbocation. In other words, the neighboring carbon pays the carbocation with electrons it steals from the hydrogens. The second, (and theoretically more satisfactory explanation) ishyperconjugation, which invokes stabilization through donation of the electrons in C-H sigma bonds to the empty p orbital of the carbocation.Carbocations are stabilized by neighboring carbon-carbon multiple bonds.Carbocations adjacent to another carbon-carbon double or triple bond have special stability because overlap between the empty p orbital of the carbocation with the p orbitals of the π bond allows for charge to be shared between multiple atoms. This effect, called “delocalization” is illustrated by drawing resonance structures where the charge “moves” from atom to atom. This is such a stabilizing influence that even primary carbocations – normally very unstable – are remarkably easy to form when adjacent to a double bond, so much so that they will actually participate in SN1 reactions.3) Carbocations are stabilized by adjacent lone pairs.The key stabilizing influence is a neighboring atom that donates a pair of electrons to the electron-poor carbocation. Note here that this invariably results in forming adouble bond(π bond) and the charge will move to the atom donating the electron pair. Hence this often goes by the name of “π donation”.

The strength of this effect varies with basicity, so nitrogen and oxygen are the most powerful π donors. Strangely enough, even halogens can help to stabilize carbocations through donation of a lone pair.The fact that atoms that we normally think of as electron-wthdrawing (nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine) can actually be electron-donor groups is probably one of the most difficult factors to wrap your head around in Org2This effect is tremendously important in the reactions of aromatic rings and also in enolate chemistry, where double bonds attached to donating groups (nitrogen and oxygen in particular) can be millions (or billions) of times more nucleophilic than alkenes that lack these groups.

The Zero Waste model stresses onreusing the resources so that as to decrease the wastage and decrease pollutionto protect the environment. At domestic level, many steps can be taken toimplement the Zero Waste method.

1. Reuse glass bottles instead of disposing them.

2. Using vegetable and fruit peels as manure for plants.

3. Using reusable glass bottles for delivering milk instead of plastic packets or cartons.

4. Solar energy used for lighting and for heating purposes using sunlight.

5. Mineral wastes be used as landfills which decompose into manure.

chromic oxide chromium acetate chromium nitrate chromium chloride chromium phosphate andchromium sulfate

The actual electron configurations are:Cr = [Ar] 4s13d5

Cr = [Ar] 4s23d4The unexpected electron configuration of chromium (together with molybdenum) 3d54s1, rather than 3d44s2, emphasizes that the 3d and 4s levels are very close in energy and that alter­native electron arrangement can differ only very slightly in energy. When the 3d and 4s levels are sufficiently close, the repulsion between the two electrons in the 4s orbital can cause one of them to move into a 3d orbital.

So does it have valencies +3 and +2 ?Does this depend on its state at the time of reaction? If no then what causes its variation?

Option 4 is rightas they have same structureor can say same hybridization

Option-D

Option Dthanks

the electronic configuration of the given element = 2,8,3it belongs to group 13 as its valence shell contains three electrons andit belongs to 3rd period as it contains three shells

Mendeleev classifiedthe then known 56 elements on thebasisof their physical and chemical properties in the increasing order of the atomic masses, in the form of a table.Mendeleevhad observed that properties of the elements orderly recur in a cyclic fashion.

mass no. 40atomic no. is 18

mass 40 andatomic number 19

1. mass 402. atomic number 19

mere ko nhi pta

nhcgjhfdvjugdcguydcchuufccbju

mass no 40 and atomic no.is19

Mass no. is the total no. of protons and neutrons in an atom. 1. mass no. is 402. atomic no. is 19PLEASE LIKE ❤

Graphite derives its name from the Greek word "graphein", to write. The material is generally greyish-black, opaque and has a lustrous black sheen. It is unique in that it has properties of both a metal and a non-metal. It is flexible but not elastic, has a high thermal and electrical conductivity, and is highly refractory and chemically inert. Graphite has a low adsorption of X-rays and neutrons making it a particularly useful material in nuclear applications.

The unusual combination of properties is due its crystal structure. The carbon atoms are arranged hexagonally in a planar condensed ring system. The layers are stacked parallel to each other. The atoms within the rings are bonded covalently, whilst the layers are loosely bonded together by van der Waals forces. The high degree of anisotropy in graphite results from the two types of bonding acting in different crystallographic directions. For example, graphite's ability to form a solid film lubricant comes from these two contrasting chemical bonds. The fact that weak Van der Waals forces govern the bonding between individual layers permits the layers to slide over one another making it an ideal lubricant. World production of graphite was estimated to be about 602,000 tons in 2000, with China being the biggest producer followed by India, Brazil, Mexico and then the Czech Republic.

We know, atomic number gives us the number of protons whereas atomic mass gives us the sum of number of neutrons and number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Therefore, when atomic number increases by one in going from one element to the next but atomic mass doesn't vary regularly from element to element.

Atomic number of element is fixed. but atomic mass doesn't. for example, atomic number of carbon atom is 6 but it has atomic mass of carbon may have 12, or 14 (it is known as isotopic nature of elements)

That is why atomic number of an element is considered to be a more appropriate parameter than its atomic mass.

Atomic no : 13, Aluminium. It is metallic in nature.It's electronic configuration is 1s², 2s², 2p^6, 3s², 3p¹ here last electron enters in p- orbital. So, aluminium belongs to p-block. Group of Aluminium = 10 + valance electron = 10 + 3 = 13 [ valance electron of Al = 3 ]principal quantum number is 3 so, aluminium is 3rd period element.

Here, you can see how easily we locate Aluminium in periodic table and by to find electronic configuration using atomic number, how we understand its characters.

The properties of elements depend on the valence electrons in the atom,which in turn depends on the total number of electrons, i.e. atomic number.Hence, the atomic number is considered a more appropriate parameter thanthe atomic mass for the classification of elements in the modern periodictable.

Atomic no : 13 , Aluminium. It is metallic in nature.it's electronic configuration is 1s², 2s²,2p^6, 3s², 3p¹ here last electron enters in p- orbital . so, aluminium belongs to p- block. group of aluminium = 10 + valance electron = 10 + 3 = 13 [ valance electron of Al = 3 ]principal quantum number is 3 so, aluminium is 3rd period element.

here, we can easily locate Aliminumium in periodic table and by to find electronic configuration using atomic number, how we understand its characters.

The properties of elements depend on the valence electrons in the atom,which in turn depends on the total number of electrons, i.e. atomic number.Hence, the atomic number is considered a more appropriate parameter thanthe atomic mass for the classification of elements in the modern periodictable.

Atomic no : 13 , Aluminium. It is metallic in nature.it's electronic configuration is 1s², 2s²,2p^6, 3s², 3p¹ here last electron enters in p- orbital . so, aluminium belongs to p- block. group of aluminium = 10 + valance electron = 10 + 3 = 13 [ valance electron of Al = 3 ]principal quantum number is 3 so, aluminium is 3rd period element.

here, we can easily locate Aliminumium in periodic table and by to find electronic configuration using atomic number, how we understand its characters.

molecular mass = 61equivalent weight= molecular mass/valency =61/3 =20.3

rate of reaction K = 1/200*ln(2/0.15) = ln(4/3)/200

also T½ = ln2/k = 200*ln2/(ln(4/3) = 200*0.69/0.28 = 492.8 min.

Molecular weight of sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) is 98

Equivalent weight defined by no. of H molecule

H2SO4 have 2 H molecule so

98/2 = 49

So equivalent weight of H2SO4 is 49

it has 46

thanks

the answer is wrong

1- T2/T1

T1= 327=600T2= 177= 450

= 1-450/600= 150/60015/6025 percentage

= 25 percentage

Regardless of how it is consumed, alcohol and other drugs eventually make their way into the brain via the bloodstream. Once there, they affect how messages are sent through the brain.The brain is a massive communication centre passing messages back and forth to regulate what we think, feel and do. The messages are sent by chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters.Drugs work in various ways. They eitherincrease or decreasethe production of neurotransmitters like dopamine (pleasure), noradrenaline (fight or flight) and serotonin (mood); or affect how much neurotransmitter stays active and for how long; or bind to natural receptors to mimic and artificially activate natural neurotransmitter pathways.

Reinforcement

Every drug affects different neurotransmitter pathways in different ways. Some affect more than one neurotransmitter. But most drugs impact the dopamine system in some way.Dopamine regulates emotion, motivation and feelings of pleasure. It’s the brain’s reward system. Our brains are hard-wired to ensure we repeat activities that are pleasant. When we do something enjoyable we get a little burst of dopamine, which signals to the brain we should do it again.Drugs release much larger amounts ofdopaminethan other dopamine-activating activities, like eating and sex, so they are more rewarding. As a result, there is a strong internal drive to repeat drug taking. The brain becomes primed to repeat drug taking over and over without really thinking about it.

Hemoglobin is the protein insidered blood cellsthat carries oxygen.Red blood cellsalso remove carbon dioxide from yourbody, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.Red blood cellsare made inside your bones,in thebone marrow. They typically live for about 120 days, and then they die.

Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation states that regardless of the multiple stages or intermediate steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes.

The enthalpy of a chemical process is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state.