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genotype & phenotype 

1. The term genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual. 

2. The term phenotype refers to the observable characteristic of an organism.

Heredity : Heredity is the transmission of characters from parents to off springs.

Variations : The organisms belonging to the same natural population or species that shows a difference in the characteristics is called variation.

Correct Answer is : (b) Bateson

(d) Dominance

(d) nono of he above

(d) Skin Colour in humans

(b) alternate forms of a gene

(c) Crossing the F₁ hybrid with a double recessive genotype

Answer is correct : (d) 8

Correct Answer is: (d) Two

Gregor Mendel selected seven pairs of characters in Pisum sativum (garden pea)

(c) Incomplete dominance

Correct Answer is: (d) 50:50

Emasculation

(b) W. Bateson

Correct Answer is: (d) aabb

1. The Law of Dominance 

2. The Law of Segregation

To identify the plant genotype whether homozygous or heterozygous Mala can perform test cross, where the individual is crossed with homozygous recessive for the trait. If the plant is heterozygous then the resultant progenies would be in the ratio 50:50

(a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts

1. Emasculation : Removal of anthers from the flower 

2. Alleles : Alternate forms of a gene

(a) Wrinkled seeds

Certain characters/traits are governed and inherited by genes located in cytoplasmic organelles (chloroplast or mitochondrion) other than nucleus. This is called extra nuclear inheritance.

(b) Co – dominance

An allele which has the potential to cause the death of an organism is called a Lethal Allele. 

E.g : Recessive lethality in Antirrhinum species.

Plasmogenes are independent, self-replicating, extra-chromosomal units located in cytoplasmic organelles, chloroplast and mitochondrion

(a) Pleiotropism 

(b) Poly genic inheritance

(a) Chloroplast inheritance 

(b) Mitrochondrial inheritance

A – (iv) 

B – (iii) 

C – (ii) 

D – (i)

Interactions take place between the alleles of the same gene i.e., alleles at the same locus is called intragenic or intralocus gene interaction.

(c) Epistatic

(a) Incomplete dominance 

(b) Codominance 

(c) Multiple alleles 

(d) Pleiotropic genes are common examples for intragenic interaction.

Interlocus interactions take place between the alleles at different loci i.e. between alleles of different genes.

Eg: Dominant Epistasis

A single phenotype is controlled by more than one set of genes, each of which has two or more alleles. This phenomenon is called Gene Interaction.

(a) A and R are correct R explains A

(c) Both Statements 1 & 2 are correct

Dihybrid test cross and the ratio is 1 : 1 : 1 : 1

In Sorghum vulgare (Pearl maize), the gene located for the sterility pollens are located in the mitochondrial DNA. This phenomenon is called as cytoplasmic male sterility.

DNA is the universal genetic material. Genes located in nuclear chromosomes follow Mendelian inheritance. But certain traits are governed either by the chloroplast or mitochondrial genes. This phenomenon is known as extra nuclear inheritance. It is a kind of Non-Mendelian inheritance. Since it involves cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion that act as inheritance vectors, it is also called Cytoplasmic inheritance.

A true breeding lines (Pure-breeding strains) means it has undergone continuous self pollination having stable trait inheritance from parent to offspring. Matings within pure breeding lines produce offsprings having specific parental traits that are constant in inheritance and expression for many generations. Pure line breed refers to homozygosity only.

(d) Incomplete dominance F₂ ratio is 1 : 3 :1

Plant Height, Seed Shape, Cotyledon colour, Flower colour, Pod colour, Pod form, Flower position

(b) Trichomal glandular or non-glandular