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The CORRECT option is (d) SINGLE regulatory model

To elaborate: The SPECTRUM Policy Task FORCE does not encourage a single regulatory model applicable for all spectrums. It recommends a regulatory model that provides a balanced spectrum model. It includes the allocation of spectrum based on market ORIENTED model.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Cognitive radio

Explanation: Cognitive radio TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORT the presence of lower priority SECONDARY users. This involves sensing the environment to find unused available spaces in the licensed spectrum for COMMUNICATION. It aims at effective usage of frequency, time and energy.

Correct choice is (B) regulators

Explanation: COGNITIVE radio requiresregulators to lower the IMPACT in CASE of malfunction. The most popular regulator used to CONSTRAINT a cognitive radio is a regulatory policy engine that has machine-readable and interpretable policies.

The correct option is (d) TDMA

The best I can explain: Enhanced Position Location Reporting System operates in the ultra-high frequency band. It USES frequency hopping, spread spectrum waveform. The TWO main functions of EPLRS is DATA distribution and position location and reporting.

Right answer is (b) Context AWARENESS

For explanation: Context awareness involves understanding the characteristics of communication. The input and output data is ANALYZED to gain INSIGHT on factors that influence the nature of computing and communication services to be USED.

Right option is (b) Reactive, search packets

Best explanation: Reactive routing involves broadcasting search packets which returns one or more PATHS to the destination node and returns that path to the source node. Proactive routing does INVOLVE the MAINTENANCE of a routing table to forward a node in the direction likely to REACH the destination, HOWEVER this table is not broadcasted.

The correct answer is (d) Environment

For explanation: An adaptive radio oversees its own performance and is open for MODIFICATION of operating parameters. FREQUENCY, instantaneous BANDWIDTH, modulation SCHEMES, error correction coding, equalizers, data rate, and transmission power are few examples of operating parameters that can be adapted.

Right OPTION is (a) to obtain knowledge

The EXPLANATION: COGNITIVE pilot channel, geo-location, database access, and spectrum sensing are means to gain knowledge. The automatic and dynamic adjustment of operation PARAMETERS is DONE based on obtained knowledge.

Correct choice is (a) True

Easy explanation: The internal structure model of a radio should provide vast amount of INFORMATION the characteristics of a network. PROPAGATION models, Quality of SERVICE models, and queuing models are some system level models USED to CHARACTERIZE a cognitive network.

Correct choice is (a) Spectrum awareness

Explanation: A RADIO that is aware of spectrum OCCUPANCY can use this information to exploit open channels on a non-interference basis. This is the first step in efficient usage of available spectrum. It is done in such a WAY that PRIMARY user of the spectrum is unaffected.

The correct answer is (d) Radio KNOWLEDGE Representation Language, reasoning

Easy explanation: The CR PROTOTYPE introducesRadio Knowledge Representation Language frames into the model based reasoning architecture. The CR prototype improves the original framework of cognitive radio. This is achieved by INTRODUCING machine learning, NATURAL language processing, and radio architecture.

Right option is (B) decentralized, wireless

Easy explanation: Mobile ad-hoc network is a decentralized TYPE of wireless network. Routing is accomplished by nodes FORWARDING data to other nodes. This is carried out on the basis of connectivity and SPECIFIC routing algorithm.

Right ANSWER is (b) Actuators

To explain I would say: A cognitive radio CONSISTS of sensors to COLLECT information on the environment, actuators to interact with the environment, and a model of the environment with observed events stored in memory.

The correct choice is (b) False

Easy EXPLANATION: An adaptive RADIO can monitor itself and modify parameters according to SENSOR input. However learning from results of operations and experimenting with NEW data and policies is possible only in a COGNITIVE radio.

Correct ANSWER is (d) channel characteristics

For explanation: An adaptive radio is CHANGES the operating parameters in accordance to sensor input for EFFECTIVE communication. Thus an adaptive radio changes its intermediate frequency characteristics in accordance to channel characteristics.

Correct option is (a) True

To EXPLAIN: Triangulation is the process of determining the location of an UNKNOWN point by forming TRIANGLES to it from known points. In the absence of GPS, triangulation may be USED for geo-location based on cooperative and non-cooperative sensing.

Correct answer is (c) software defined RADIO

The explanation is: Digital modular radio is a software defined radio designed for communication in war zone. It is compatible with PREVIOUS communication systems and TACTICAL systems such as HF, DAMA, HaveQuick, and SINGCARS. It also includes software defined cryptographic functions.

Right ANSWER is (d) Bowman very HIGH frequency waveform

Easiest explanation: JTRS NETWORK ENTERPRISE Domain is responsible for the creation, SUSTAINMENT, and improvement of interoperable software and network legacy waveforms. Bowman VHF is a legacy waveform.

Right ANSWER is (a) rule based EXPERT systems

The explanation is: Cognition capability level one involves goal driven reasoning. It may be ACHIEVED by rule based expert systems technology.Rule based systems serve as a means to store, INTERPRET and utilize information.

Correct choice is (a) NEAR Term DIGITAL Radio

Easiest explanation: Near Term Digital Radio is a mobile PACKET data radio. It has self-organizing and self-healing network capability. Near Term Digital Radio consists of TWO parts NAMELY clustering and routing.

Correct OPTION is (a) 15-m

Best explanation: POSITION Location REPORTING System provides positioning, location, and reporting INFORMATION for tactical commanders. It is an ultra-high frequency transceiver radio used for geo-location with 15-m accuracy.

Right ANSWER is (c) standard language

To elaborate: The inability to GAIN knowledge by asking questions DUE to the lack of a standard language and the inability to understand radio structure due to the lack of computationally accessible description are the PRIMARY factors for the overall lack of awareness in a radio.

Correct ANSWER is (c) RF

Easiest EXPLANATION: Small Unit Operations – Situational Awareness System uses RF ranging and other sensors for navigation with high accuracy. It is particularly useful for MILITARY communication in rough terrain. It also provides support for MISSION planning and TRAINING.

Right option is (c) four

To explain: The architecture of planning includes evaluating a situation to FIX a goal. The goal drives candidate plans which are examined for PROS and CONS. The examination leads to action and implementationwhich BRINGS about a CHANGE in the situation.

The CORRECT choice is (d) Context aware

For explanation: Context AWARENESS is RESPONSIBLE for obtaining the context of external communication with minimal user involvement. Natural language, societal roles, and DISCOURSE are a PART of model scope.

Correct CHOICE is (a) heterogeneous infrastructure

To EXPLAIN I would SAY: Heterogeneous network have heterogeneous radio framework management. It is POSSIBLE to allocate frequency bands to different radio access technologies. Thus combination of different technologies can be achieved by heterogeneous network.

Right CHOICE is (b) WHITE space

The explanation is: Spectrum Policy Task Force supports the use of white spaces between spectrums. Unlike analog signal, multiple DIGITAL signals can be packed into the spectrum BANDS, increasing transmission. Thus, white space can be utilized SIGNIFICANTLY.

The correct option is (a) True

The best EXPLANATION: In DYNAMIC security implementation, there is an increase in the number of POTENTIAL interaction that can lead to a VIOLATION. This leads to a decrease in time and special SCALES of these interactions. These conditions amplify the challenges.

The correct choice is (c) active awareness

The explanation is: In active awareness, the secondary user actively senses surrounding ENVIRONMENT and performs TRANSMISSION BASED on the obtained INFORMATION. In passive awareness, the radio environment information is obtained OUTSIDE the secondary communication system.

The correct option is (B) SPECTRUM SHARING

Easy explanation: Spectrum sharing cognitive RADIO permits same or different radio ACCESS technologies to use same frequency band by using unoccupied sub-bands in an intelligent and coordinated way.

The correct option is (d) Wrong choices

For explanation: The FIRST challenge for decision making is where and how the decision should be taken. The second challenge is WHETHER the IMPLEMENTATION must be centralized or distributed. The THIRD challenge is the SELECTION of decision algorithm.

The correct OPTION is (a) Digital European Cordless Telephone

The explanation is: Digital European Cordless Telephone finds the noise FLOOR and INTERFERENCE of all available CHANNELS. The carrier FREQUENCIES are then selected based on the information obtained from sensing such that there is reduction in the amount of interference.

Correct CHOICE is (a) True

Explanation: VanuAnywave is a software defined SYSTEM that uses off the shelf hardware and proprietary software. It provides software IMPLEMENTATION of base transceiver station, base station controller, and transcoder and RATE adaption UNIT modules of the base station subsystem.

Correct option is (B) Ground-to-ground communication

For explanation: AN/ARC-164 HaveQuickΙΙ is a direct line of SIGHT system operating in the ultra high frequency band. It uses amplitude MODULATED waveforms. It operates as a SINGLE channel or a frequency hopping radio.

Right CHOICE is (d) DSP

Explanation: AN/ARC-220 is a high frequency radio operating in the range 2 – 29.999 MHz. It uses software REALIZED DSP and is software CAPABLE. It offers secure voice and DATA COMMUNICATION.

Right option is (C) protocol

Easy explanation: The internal structure radio MODEL should aid system level interactions with the network. A detailed report on internal capabilities and the ability to download new capabilities when required must be made possible by the radio model. For example, the baseband processor CONTAINS protocol and control software.