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1. unprocessed 

2. Abacus 

3. Processed

4. artificial 

5. Analog Computer

1. Operating software 

2. Application software

Printers and Monitors are output devices.

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner and Web camera, etc.

1. Data is the information that has to be processed. 

2. They are in the form of numbers, alphabets and images.

Charles Babbage and Augusta Ada Lovelace are the pioneers/forerunners of the computer.

Computer is an electronic device that process the data and information according to our needs.

Correct answer is b. Mobile

(d) Charles Babbage

correct option is (c) Excel

correct option is (d) DOS

correct option is (a) Simplex

Communication: Communication is a process in which data is transferred from one place to another. The three components of communication are:

• Sender: where the information is sent.
• Receiver: to whom the information is sent.
• Medium: through which the information is sent.

A computer is an electronic machine which can perform a variety of tasks like:

• Text formatting
• Producing sound
• Creating graphics
• Show clippings, etc.

All the above tasks are needed in the process of communication and that is why a computer is one of the most popular devices used for communication. In computer, communication information is sent electronically.

Advantages of Computer Communication:

There are the following advantages of computer communication:

• A user-friendly environment.
• Information can be sent in multiple ways.
• Information can be transferred in pictures, sound, text, etc. from the same place.
• Secured means of communication.
• It saves time as well as money.

Application of Computer Communication:

There are the following applications of computer communication:

• E-mail: Electronic mail is one of the most popular applications of communication.
• Video-conferencing: People from far off places can organize meetings very easily.
• Chatting: Different persons from different places can exchange their thoughts at the same time.
• Information Distributor: Information available on different computers can be used.

correct option is (c) Windows

1. Line of sight required between satellite and earth stations.

2. 12 to 24 transponders per satellite. These transponders receive, amplify, change frequency and transmit.

3. Geosynchronous orbit (22,300 miles).

4. Low security—anyone with satellite dish and right frequency can tune in.

5. Ease of adding stations.

6. Data rates of up to 50 Mbps.

7. Microwave signal at 6 GHz is beamed to it from a transmitter on the earth.

It is amplified and retransmitted to the earth at 4 GHz by a system called a transponder mounted on the satellite to avoid interference.

RS-232-C is a kind of protocol which is used to link a digital device to the modem.

The Internet is a packet-switching network, data is transmitted by converting it into packets. This work is done by the set of rules or standard designs to enable a computer to connect to one another and to exchange information known as PROTOCOL.

• TCP/IP is the only protocol used to send data all around the Internet.
• TCP/IP is made up of two components —TCP and IP.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): TCP breaks up the data to be sent into packets. It guarantees that any data sent to the destination computer reaches it.

IP (Internet Protocol): IP is a set of conventions used for routing packets from one host to another. It is responsible for routing the packets to a desired destination IP address.

An interconnected protocol for the computer to computer communication as recommended by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) is gaining wide acceptance. It is an approach based on defining a number of distinct layers each addressing itself to one aspect of linking. This is known as the ISO model for Open System Interconnection. It is a sevenlayer architecture and defines a separate set of protocols for each layer.

 correct option is (b) Printer

b. Augusta ado Lovelace

Verbal Communication. When any data or information is transferred verbally from one place to another, it is known as verbal communication, such as the communication between two persons on the telephone. Different types of Verbal Communications are:

• Telephone: With the help of telephone, we can converse with others from a distance. The communication is verbal in this case and the medium is wire.
• Intercom: It is just like telephone technology, but it is limited to a building or campus for the purpose of conversation between the two.
• Mobile: It is the modem technology of the telephone system. In this, we can also converse with each other, but the medium in this is magnetic wave through the air.
• Chatting through Computer: In this technology, we can exchange our views and thoughts verbally by using a microphone. The medium in this technology is the telephone.

The full form of E-mail is Electronic Mail.

MYSQL uses a Drop Table statement to delete the existing table. This statement removes the complete data of a table along with the whole structure or definition permanently from the database. So, you must be very careful while removing the table because we cannot recover the lost data after deleting it.

DELETE is a Data Manipulation Language command, DML command and is used to remove tuples/records from a relation/table. Whereas DROP is a Data Definition Language, DDL command and is used to remove named elements of schema like relations/table, constraints or entire schema.

The application layer is responsible for file transfer.

Microwave communication is used to link metropolitan cities.

Software: Software is one of the primary elements of a computer system. It is a set of computer programs, procedures and associated documentation related to the effective operation of a computer system. The software’s are classified into the following categories:

1. System Software

2. Utility Software

3. Application Software

1. System Software: System software is programs that directly interact with the hardware. For example, when a file is to be saved on a disk, the system software sends the required instructions to perform this task. It provides the environment to write application programs. The system software is written by computer professionals called System Programmers.

The system software is of two types:

Translators

Operating System

Translators: Instructions given to a computer in any language, have to be translated into machine code for the computer systems to execute the instructions. This work of translation is done by a Translator.

Translators can be classified as:

Interpreters

Compilers

Assemblers.

(a) Interpreters: Interpreters are the translators which are used to convert programming language into machine language for the purpose of execution line by line. It translates one statement at a time and executes it.

(b) Compilers: The compiler translates the whole program code (known as source code) and prints a list of errors which have to be corrected as a whole. Once the program is error-free, the executable code is generated.

(c) Assemblers: This software translates a program written in assembly language to machine code.

(ii) Operating System: An Operating System is a set of routine programs that are used to manage the operations of the computer. The Operating System isolates the hardware from the user. The user communicates with the Operating System, supplies application programs and the data that are in a language and format acceptable to the Operating System and receives output. Some of the popular operating systems are:

DOS, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS NT, WINDOWS Millennium, XP, OS/2, LINUX, UNIX.

2. Utility Software: A utility program is a type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs. Most operating systems include several utility programs. Some of the utilities are described below:

(i) File Compression Utility: A file compression utility reduces or compresses the size of a file. A compressed file takes up less storage space on a hard disk or floppy disk, which frees up room on the disk and improves system performance. When a compressed file is received, it must be uncompressed or unzipped to restore it to its original form. Two popular stand-alone file compression utilities are PKZIP and WinZip.Disk Scanner: A Disk Scanner is a utility that detects and corrects both physical and logical problems on a hard disk or floppy disk. It also searches and removes unwanted files. Windows 98/XP includes two disk scanner utilities:

Scan Disk which detects and corrects problems.

Disk Cleanup searches for and removes unnecessary files such as temporary files.

(ii) Disk Defragmenter: A disk defragmenter is a utility that reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that data can be accessed more quickly and programs can run faster. When a computer stores data on a disk, it places the data in the first available sector on the disk. Disk defragmenter reorganises the file and unused space. Windows includes a disk defragmenter called Disk Defragmenter.

(iii) Uninstaller: An uninstaller is a utility that removes an application, as well as any associated entries in the system files. When you install an application, the operating system records the information that it uses to run the software in the system files. If you attempt to remove the application from your computer by deleting the files and folders associated with that program without running the uninstaller, the system file entries remain.

(iv) Anti-virus: An anti-virus program is a utility that prevents v detects and removes viruses from a computer’s memory or storage devices. A virus is a program that copies itself into other programs and spreads through multiple computers. Viruses are designed to damage a computer intentionally by destroying or corrupting their data.

(v) Back-Up: This is used to back-up files on your hard disk. Files can be back-up to a floppy disk, a tape drive or another computer on the network. If the original files are damaged or lost, it can be restored from the backup.

(vi) Search Engine: It is used to search files or data from the disk quickly. It works randomly to give search results to the user as quickly as possible.

3. Application Software: Application software consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks for users. Application software also called a software application, can be used for the following purposes:

As a productivity/business tool.

To assist with graphics and multimedia projects.

To support household activities, for personal business, or for education.

To facilitate communications.

Word Processor: Word Processor transforms a screen into ‘sheets of paper’ to be written on, and provides quick and accurate ways to create and revise business documents. These packages allow: Text to be written in document form. Edit any part of a document. Adjust the format of a document, such as margins, spacing, page numbers. Save the entire document on a disk and retrieve it later. Example: Wordstar, MS-Word, Word Perfect, Page Maker.

Spreadsheets: A spreadsheet is a table consisting of rows and columns, and provides business professionals with a quick and accurate means of performing mathematical calculations involved in answering a question. It performs various mathematical functions as well as logical and conditional operations in a quick and accurate manner. Examples: Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, Excel, Multiplan. 

Database Management System: Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of programs that manipulates a database by appending, deleting and modifying records. It is used to generate the queries, forms, reports etc. on the basis of some condition by using different records stored in it.

The two basic types of data management software are File management systems, for example, Dbase, Foxbase, FoxPro etc.

Relational Database Management System, for example, Ingress, Oracle, Unify etc.

Graphics/Presentation Packages: This software is used to create slide transition, animation, etc. by using its advanced features. Most of the graphics or presentations are being prepared using this software. PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Macromedia, Director.

Desk Top Publishing (DTP) Software: It is a software system that is used to produce attractive page layouts complete with pictures and text printed in a variety of styles, which is ideal for use in newspaper and magazine publishing companies. Examples: Page Maker, Word, Corel Draw.

A computer is a high-speed electronic device that accepts data and instructions from the user, then processes the data accordingly to produce information as output. It is capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations on data. It also stores and executes set of instructions. Data is entered in the computer through some input devices like keyboard, mouse, etc. It is then processed by C.P.U. and the result is displayed through an output device like a monitor.

The invention of the computer has affected many areas of our life. In its early time, it was a very costly and rare machine, limited to scientific laboratories and research centres. It was difficult to work on  and they were very bulky. Slowly, the technology improved and the size of the computer reduced as well as its working became easy.

Computers have completely altered the structure of a business, a large volume of accounting and record-keeping, data can be manipulated, organized, stored, retrieved and used for scientific purposes.

Nowadays, a computer is used in homes, offices, shops and almost every-where. It is used to do simple as well as the most difficult calculations. Every business, no matter big or small, is based on computers. Similarly, an organization without computer is hard to find. Computer has changed the world.

Evolution of Computer: The first mechanical calculator developed by Blaise Pascal acted as a model for modem computers. Since then many machines have been developed which have to lead the way to modem microcomputers. A series of a scientific breakthrough by many scientists have contributed to produce this electronic machine called the computer.

1. Abacus: Movable beads on a wooden frame constituted the first  known calculating device. The abacus was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. 

2. Pascaline: The gear-driven machine capable of addition, subtraction and multiplication, considered as a first mechanical calculator, was invented by French mathematician Blaise Pascal in the year 1642.

3. Jacquard’s Loom: In 1801, a Frenchman named Joseph Jacquard perfected a loom that was controlled by the holes in cardboard punched cards. This machine gave an idea about storage.

4. Difference Engine: In 1822, Charles Babbage invented his first machine (Difference Engine). He designed it to calculate logarithm tables. A series of levers were used to enter the data and a device similar to the typewriter was used to print the output.

5. Analytical Engine: In 1833, it was developed by Charles Babbage to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division through the use of the stored program. First programmer lady Ada Augusta Byron Lovelace helped him in its developing.

6. Atanasoff-Berry Computer: This electronic machine was developed by Dr John Atanasoff in 1939 for certain mathematical equations. It was called Atanasoff-Berry Computer or ABC, after its inventor’s name and his assistant Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage.

7. Mark 1: In 1944, Dr. Howard Aiken developed a machine called an  Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator which was later named as Mark-I. It was the first electromechanical computer.

Age Difference Calculator helps to determine the age gap between two persons easily.

8. ENIAC: First fully electronic computer named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed by Prosper Eckert and J.W. Mauchly in 1945. It used highspeed vacuum tube switching devices.

9. EDVAC: In 1946, Dr John Von Neumann used the principle of storing in 0 and 1 (Binary Digits) in place of earlier technologies and developed EDVAC with the new concept of ‘stored program’. ED VAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).

10. UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed by Eckert and Mauchly in the year 1951. It was the first commercial computer used by Electronic Corporation. Its memory was MDL (Mercury Delay Line).

11. PDP Series: The computer of this series was developed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)

.  PDP-1 → 1961 → 8 bit → 4 KB 

.  PDP-8 → 1965 → 16 bit → 16 KB 

.  PDP-11 → 1970 → 16 bit → 32 KB

12. Micro Computers: Intel is the No. 1 company in the microprocessor. The microprocessors developed by this company were the best for microcomputers, few of them are as follows:

8080 → 1974 → 8 bits

8085 → 1978 → 8 bits

8086 → 1980 → 16 bits

80286 → 1982 → 32 bits

80386 → 1985 → 32 bits

80486 → 1986 → 32 bits

13. Pentium Series: After 80486, Intel developed Pentium processors which are used almost in every computer nowadays.

Pentium → 1993

Pentium I → 1995

Pentium II → 1997

Pentium Mobile → 1998

Pentium III → 1999

Pentium IV → 2000

Pentium Centrino → 2004

correct option is (b) Coaxial Cables

Repeaters are used at a distance of 30-35 km in microwave transmission.

Communication media are of two types:

1. Guided or Wired media:

• Twisted pair cable
• Coaxial cable
• Optical Fibre Cable

2. Unguided or Wireless media:

• Microwave
• Satellite

(c) Key board

Plotter is used to print big pictures or maps on paper.

(a) Laser Printer

CRT- This monitor has cathode ray tube.This monitor is bigger in size and takes more space on the table, they are heavy and more electricity is consumed by its use. Therefore today, they are used less.

LCD- Liquid Crystal Display is used in this monitor. Since they are thin, they take less space on the table, they are lighter and consume less electricity when used. 

It is one of the most popularly used input device. Movement of the ball on the surface moves the cursor on the screen. When cursor reaches the desired position then by click of the mouse button on cursor we can choose the instructions that is to be processed. At present optical mouse that lack a ball are more commonly used.

In view of its good quality and low electrical consumption this monitor is most preferred choice Light emitting diode is placed in this monitor.

Monitor or V.D.U is the main out put device. Mainly there are three types of monitors: 

1. CRT monitor 

2. LCD monitor 

3. LED monitor

MICR technology is used mainly in banking sector where cheques are checked in abundance. In this technique, script is made to emerge by the use of special characters that come out of a special typewriter that has magnetic material mixed in it. It is used to check the factuality of records.

Microphones : It is an input device to feed voice as inputs.

Web Camera : The activity of a person we are conversing with who is in another city or abroad can be viewed on computer screen by web cameras.