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decoder is placed in the memory address register

(d) Bitwise operations

Instruction is a command which is given to the computer to perform an operation on a piece of data.

The three major units of a microprocessor are:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): To perform arithmetic and logical instructions.

2. Control Unit (CU): To control the overall operation of the computer through signals.

3. Registers (Internal Memory): They are used to hold the data and instruction for the execution of the processor.

1. Data transfer

2. Arithmetic operations

3. Logical operations

4. Control flow

5. Input/output

256 are identified by a processor with 8 bits address bus at a time

Intel 8085 is a 8 bit processor

(a) word size

3 types of system buses are available

Flash Memory Devices:

Flash memory is an electronic (solid – state) non – volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. They are either EEPROM or EPROM. Examples for Flash memories are pendrives, memory cards etc. Flash memories can be used in personal computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), digital audio players, digital cameras and mobile phones. Flash memory offers fast access times. The time taken to read or write a character in memory is called access time. The capacity of the flash memories vary from 1 Gigabytes (GB) to 2 Terabytes (TB). 

Blu – Ray Disc:

Blu – Ray Disc is a high – density optical disc similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation games and for playing High – Definition (HD) movies. A double – layer Blu – Ray disc can store up to 50 GB (gigabytes) of data. This is more than 5 times the capacity of a DVD, and above 70 times of a CD. The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high – definition video, as well as storing large amount of data. DVD uses a red laser to read and write data. But, Blu – ray uses a blue-violet laser to write. Hence, it is called as Blu – Ray

(c) Registers

Microprocessors can be classified based on the following criteria:

1. The width of data that can be processed

2. The instruction set Classification of Microprocessors based on the Data Width Depending on the data width, microprocessors can process instructions.

The microprocessors can be classified as follows: 

1. 8 – bit microprocessor

2. 16 – bit microprocessor 

3. 32 – bit microprocessor

4. 64 – bit microprocessor

Classification of Microprocessors based on Instruction Set:

The size of the instruction set is another important consideration while categorizing microprocessors. Initially, microprocessors had very small instruction sets because complex hardware was expensive as well as difficult to build. As technology had developed to overcome these issues, more and more complex instructions were added to increase the functionality of microprocessors. Let us learn more about the two types of microprocessors based on their instruction sets.

Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC): 

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. They have a small set of highly optimized instructions. Complex instructions are also implemented using simple instructions, thus reducing the size of the instruction set. Examples of RISC processors are Pentium IV, Intel P6, AMD K6 and K7.

Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC):

CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computers. They support hundreds of instructions. Computers supporting CISC can accomplish a wide variety of tasks, making them ideal for personal computers.

Examples of CISC processors are Intel 386 & 486, Pentium, Pentium II and III, and Motorola 68000.

(c) Microprocessor

(c) Control bus

(a) clock speed

CD data represented as tiny indentations are called pits

(d) Blu – Ray Disc

(c) 20 to 20000 Hz

(d) Hard disk

HDMI interface transfers the uncompressed audio and video data to monitor, projector.

USB 3.0 can transfer data up to 5GB/sec

DVD uses a red colour laser to read and write data.

The areas between the pits in CD’s are called lands

Sound waves close to 20 Hz with low pitch called Bass 

EPROM memory, contents can be erased by exposing to ultraviolet rays

A 12 cm diameter DVD with single sided, single layer has the storage capacity of 4.7 GB

(b) hard disk

CD:

• CD stands for Compact Disc.
• Can store up to 700 MB. 
• CD’s are single sided.
• Due to capacity constraint, CD’s cannot store movies of good quality.
• CD players cannot play DVD’s.

DVD:

• DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc.
• Capacity of DVD is 4.7 GB of data.
• DVD’s are single or double sided.
• DVD’s are used for storing movies with good quality.
• DVD players can play CD’s.

HD uses magnetic disk to store the data

(a) designing the computer

(a) Computer organisation

(b) flash memory

Depending upon the size of the data the microprocessor can be classified as

1. 8 bit microprocessor

2. 16 bit microprocessor

3. 4 bit microprocessor

4. 32 bit microprocessor

5. 64 bit microprocessor.

The CPU is the major component of a computer, which performs all taks.

PROM:

• Can be Programmed only once.
• This has Permanent memory.
• Enclosed in plastic package so that not visible to UV light.
• Uses high Voltage.

EPROM:

• It is reusable and can be programmed multiple times.
• EPROMs memory can be erased using UV light. 
• EPROMs are fused with quartz window.
• Also use high Voltage but not enough to alter the semiconductor layer permanently.

1. Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which user can store data.

2. The hard disks has the stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disk.

3. The hard disks come with a single or double sided disk.

Differences between computer organisation and 

Computer Architecture:

Computer Organisation:

• Often called micro architecture (low level). 
• Transparent from programmer (example: a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware).
• Physical components (Circuit design. Adders, Signals, Peripherals).

Computer Architecture:

• Computer architecture (a bit higher level) 
• Programmer viewfi.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used)
• Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization)

1. Cache memory is a very high speed and expensive memory.

2. It is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.

3. Cache memory comes with smaller size.

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. They have small set of highly optimised instructions. Example Pentium IV, intel P6, AMD K6 and K7.

Ultra violet rays are used to erase the contents of EPROM. EPROM retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents making it possible to reprogram the memory.

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data and instructions are stored.

The cache memory is a very high speed and expensive memory, which is used to speed up the memory retrieval process.

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface is an audio/video interface which transfer the the uncompressed video and audio data from a video controller, to a compatible computer monitor, LCD projector, digital television, etc.

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computers.

HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface