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Right answer is (B) translocation

For explanation: Philadelphia chromosome is the best STUDIED example of translocation. It is a chromosome found in the malignant cells of leukemia PATIENTS. The Philadelphia chromosome was discovered in 1990 and is a shortened VERSION of human chromosome 22.

Right ANSWER is (a) STRESS

Explanation: Glucocorticoids are released during periods of stress and PHYSICAL injury. To be able to respond to these hormones, a cell must contain specific receptors called the GLUCOCORTICOID receptor (GR).

The correct choice is (a) 1997

To explain I would say: A team of Scottish researchers reported the cloning of a mammal in 1997, a lamb which they names as Dolly. This was the FIRST CLONED mammal EVER reported.

Right answer is (B) promoter sequences

The best I can explain: Like TATA box, CAAT and GC box are SHORT promoter sequences that are located farther upstream of the gene. These sequences are OFTEN required by the polymerase to initiate TRANSCRIPTION of the gene.

The correct OPTION is (B) False

For explanation: Single cells from an adult animal cannot give rise to whole NEW individuals however, nuclei from such cells possess all the INFORMATION necessary for DEVELOPING a new organism.

The correct OPTION is (b) DNA-binding

To explain: The DNA-binding domains of various transcription factors CONTAIN related structures (believed to be conserved through EVOLUTIONARY period) called motifs. The most COMMON motifs in eukaryotes include zinc finger, the helix–loop–helix, and the leucine ZIPPER.

The correct answer is (b) riboswitches

To elaborate: In BACTERIA, MRNAS bound to small metabolites such as glucosamine and adenine are called riboswitches that can alter the expression of a GENE INVOLVED in the production of bound metabolite.

Correct choice is (c) anti-inflammatory

Easiest EXPLANATION: GLUCOCORTICOIDS are a group of steroid hormones, SYNTHESIZED by the adrenal GLAND. Analogues of glucocorticoids such as prednisolone are PRESCRIBED as anti-inflammatory agents.

Right option is (a) TATA box and start site

To elaborate: Core promoter is the region UPSTREAM of a gene that stretches between the TATA box and the transcription start site. It is the site of assembly for pre-initiation COMPLEX consisting of RNA polymerase II and GENERAL transcription factors that are required for eukaryotic gene transcription.

Correct CHOICE is (a) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

The explanation is: One of the key enzymes INVOLVED in the metabolic PATHWAY that converts pyruvate to glucose (gluconeogenesis) is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, SYNTHESIZED in the liver when glucose levels are LOW.

Correct option is (b) embryonic stem cells

Easy explanation: Embryonic stem cells appear very early in the DEVELOPMENT of a mammalian EMBRYO and possess two very unique properties, indefinite self-renewal and CAPABILITY of differentiating into DIFFERENT cell types.

Correct CHOICE is (a) 5-10

Easiest explanation: Approximately 5 to 10 percent of the GENOME encodes for transcription FACTORS. One transcription factor interacts with more than one DNA sequence.

Right OPTION is (b) 2

Best explanation: There are 2 TYPES of TRANSCRIPTION factors: Basal level and REGULATORY. They bind with RNA polymerase and regulate its binding therefore controlling the rate of gene expression.

The CORRECT answer is (a) 3’

To explain: To carry out translational-level control, the micro RNAS BIND to the 3’ (3-prime) UTRs i.e. un-translated regions of the TARGET messenger RNA molecules.

Right choice is (a) enhancers

To explain I would SAY: In ADDITION to PROXIMAL and distant promoter elements, expression of genes is ALSO controlled by distant DNA elements called enhancers that extend 200 base pairs in length.

Right answer is (b) 9

The best I can explain: The TRANSLOCATED part of Philadelphia chromosome i.e. shortened chromosome 22 is found on chromosome 9, which GETS an ADDITION of 600 extra amino ACIDS encoding for protein kinase.

Right ANSWER is (b) conformation

Explanation: The capability of repressor to bind to the OPERATOR region and prevent the transcription of structural GENES DEPENDS on the conformation of the repressor protein. The conformation is regulated by compounds of metabolic PATHWAYS such as lactose and trypyophan.

The correct choice is (a) lamin

To explain: Lamin makes up the inner surface of a nuclear MEMBRANE. Mutations in the lamin genes (LMNA) lead to a rare form of muscular dystrophy (EDMD2). PATIENTS of this disease have EXTREMELY FRAGILE NUCLEI.

The correct answer is (a) True

Easiest EXPLANATION: A SINGLE attached ubiquitin functions as a sorting signal while for ENSURING ENZYMATIC degradation of polypeptides, a number of ubiquitin molecules must be enzymatically transferred to the POLYPEPTIDE.

Right option is (a) protein

The best explanation: Ubiquitin is an important protein that PERFORMS functions in diverse cellular PROCESSES. It is a SMALL and highly conserved protein. A SINGLE attached ubiquitin can serve as a sorting signal leading the associated polypeptide to a specific pathway.

Right choice is (a) Proteasomes

For explanation I would say: CELLULAR PROTEINS are degraded in the proteasomes.They are MADE up of 2 different protein complexes(two α subunit and two β subunit). LYSOSOMES however degrade EXTRACELLULAR proteins and other macromolecules.

Correct option is (a) True

To elaborate: Translocations have been proved to be important evolutionary agents. The 24 PAIRS of chromosomes present in CHIMPANZEES, GORILLAS, and ORANGUTANS reveal striking similarity with the 23 pairs of chromosomes present in human cells.

Correct choice is (b) NF1

Explanation: NF1 is a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that binds to CAAT and GC boxes, found in many TISSUES and widely employed in EUKARYOTIC gene expression.

Right CHOICE is (a) epigenetic marks

To elaborate: During cellular reprogramming, the epigenetic marks that INCLUDE histone modifications and DNA METHYLATION patterns of DIFFERENTIATED cells are replaced with that of pluripotent cells.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (c) DNA microarrays

Explanation: DNA microarrays (or “DNA chips”) is the technology that can be used to monitor the EXPRESSION of THOUSANDS of GENES expressed in a cell population, in a single experiment.

Right ANSWER is (a) hydrolysis

To EXPLAIN: The TWO sugars, glucose and galactose are linked through a β-galactosidase linkage. The first step in lactose catabolism is the hydrolysis of this linkage by the BACTERIAL ENZYME β-galactosidase.

Right choice is (a) 1963

The EXPLANATION is: The first CORRELATION between a CHROMOSOMAL DELETION and a human disorder was first discovered in 1963 by Jerome Lejeune, a French geneticist who had earlier discovered the chromosomal BASIS of Down syndrome.