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(c) Recorded pop music – Mass culture

Participation in the arts can promote inter cultural understanding.

Non material culture means human achievements, Tradition, belief, ritual and custom, Moral values, ideals, art, literature, religion language and many others are examples of non-material culture and it is under goes slow change.

The culture is created by human being by converting natural resources into man made structure like house, building, bridge, road, dam, machines, production centers, industries, computers technology & others.

Culture has many social benefits:

1. Fundamental benefits : Cultural experiences are opportunities for leisure, entertainment, learning and sharing experiences with others. These benefits are intrinsic to culture. They are what attracts us and the reason why we participate. 

2. Improved, learning and valuable skills for the future : In children and youth, participation in culture helps to develop thinking skills and build selfesteem, which enhance educational outcomes. 

3. Better health and well-being : Participation in culture contributes and cultural engagement improves both mental and physical health. 

4. Social solidarity and cohesion : Culture helps build social capital – the bond that holds communities together. Cultural activities such as festivals, bring people together and build social solidarity. Our diverse cultural heritage develops a feeling of pride and a sense of belonging to a wider community.

Beliefs are statements that people hold to be true.

1. It provides social and physical existence of human beings. 

2. Human beings have to utilize their learned knowledge in order to survive. 

3. Language is part of culture. 

4. The future generation is guided by the present generation. 

5. Post knowledge is stored in the form of proverbs paintings folk songs passed on the next generation. 

6. The future generation forms its own culture and marches into the future.

Culture is learnt through socialization.

(i) Folkways

(ii) Mores

(iii) globalisation

(iv) Culture

(v) Language

(d) Normative – Folkways and mores.

Example : Today we prefer Italian pizza with tandoori paneer as a topping which indeed is very Indian. It is convergence of Italian and Indian culture of food by modifying menus. Celebration of Valentine’s Day, language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

1. Cultural hybridization refers to the ways in which parts of one culture get recombined with the cultures of another. 

2. Cultural hybridization is a universal process which is seeded up through globalization. 

3. In the globalization process, some forms of new and different cultural practice or behaviour develops from the mixing of different cultural traditions. The groups do not necessarily give up their own but participate in various ways in each other’s cultural activities. We see hybridization in many aspects of culture.

The first element that exists in every culture is a variety of symbols.

Language mixing, fusion music are examples of cultural hybridisation.

Superstitious beliefs are form of non-material culture which are rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Change in this aspect is not readily accepted by the society or certain sections of the society. It is rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Hence, change in these aspects is not easy

Ethnocentrism consists of evaluating other culture from the perspective of one’s own.

Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social convention and morals. These can collectively be called custom. 

Ex Values enable us to determine what is good and bad in every culture.

1. According to E.B. Taylor. “Culture includes knowledge belief, art, traditions and any other capabilities earned by human being as a member of society”. 

2. According to Malinowski “The tool created by human being to design his aims of life is called as culture”.

1. Culture is not uniform 

2. Aspects of culture like customs, moral values, art, belief, language differ from society to society considerably. 

3. The difference is also visible in rural and urban and tribal societies. 

4. Even people living in same place tend to have different culture.

1. Culture is abstract 

2. Culture is social 

3. Culture is learnt 

4. Culture meant co-existence 

5. Culture is continuous 

6. Culture is diverse

1. Fairs are the most important cultural ritual of rural societies. 

2. A fair is not only a religious expression it also functions as a temporary market for the neighboring villages. 

3. They are also the window for entertainment soon after harvest season. 

4. People participate in fairs irrespective of caste language etc. 

5. Many performance narrate the local versions of Ramayana and Mahabharatha. 

6. There are considered as the motivating aspects of social life. 

7. Language is another example of this cultural expression.

1. Culture makes human beings different from other animals. 

2. School controls in a society are based on cultural aspects. 

3. The social controls define the human behaviour. 

4. Individual in a society have memberships in various social institutions. 

5. Every institution regulates the behaviour of the individual through its cultural tools.

Possession of culture distinguishes humans from non-humans.

(d) Mildly enforced – Folkways

Compare culture of different states in India, how they are different in their lifestyles, food habits, dressing styles etc. Also explain by giving examples how certain elements of culture overlap or have similarities. Many cultural elements of different states are also exclusive in nature, peculiar to that region to maintain the ethnicity.

Both Gujarat and Maharashtra were created on May 1, 1960. The dialects spoken in each state are also different. In Maharashtra, the majority of the people speak the Marathi language. The same is true for the Gujarati language in Gujarat this is an example of exclusive culture.

Hindi, one of the official language of India, is a common language. This is an example of overlapping culture.

(i) Values

(ii) Folkways

(iii) Language

(iv) Prescriptive Norms

(i) Subculture

(ii) Folk Culture

(iii) High Culture

(iv) Symbol

(i) adaptive

(ii) concrete

(iii) popular culture

Language is the chief vehicle of culture.

(b) Shakespeare’s literature – High culture

Some symbols are types of non-verbal communication.

(i) Folk Culture

(ii) Material Culture

The term culture refers to the way of life of a member of various societies or groups. 

Culture has the following characteristics:

1. Culture is acquired : Culture is learnt by each member through socialization. Cultural learning takes place through experience and symbolic interactions. Culture is propagated through generations. 

2. Culture is abstract : Culture exist in the minds or habits of the members in a society. We cannot see culture but can see human behaviour. 

3. Culture is shared : Culture is shared by a group of people belonging to the same community. They share same values, beliefs and traditions. These aspects develop a sense of unity. 

4. Culture is man-made : Culture is a human product and does nothing on its own. 

5. Culture is idealistic : Culture embodies the ideas and norms of a group. It consists of intellectual, artistic and social ideas which are followed by members of the society. 

6. Culture is transmitted among the members of the society : The cultural ways are learned by persons from persons and many of them are handed down by one’s elders, parents, teachers and others.

The material aspect of culture changes very fast.

Material culture are man-made objects.

(i) Belief in superstition is an example of nonmaterial culture.

(ii) E-commerce is an example of mass culture.

1. the word culture is derived from Latin word colere. colere means cultivate or tend in Latin 

2. culture means the transfer of knowledge experience, belief, value, behavior, hierarchy, relationship from generation to generation

Ogburn divides the culture in two groups .

1. Customs 

2. Moral values 

3. Art 

4. Belief 

5. Language etc. 

6. Traditions 

7. Food habits