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Forward secrecy is a property of certain key agreement PROTOCOLS that ensures that the session keys will not be exposed if the server's private key is exposed. Perfect forward secrecy is another name for it (PFS).
The "Diffie–Hellman key exchange" algorithm is USED to accomplish this.

Cybersecurity is critical because it safeguards all types of DATA against theft and loss. Sensitive data, personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), personal information, intellectual property, data, and governmental and industry information systems all fall under this category.
Your company won't be ABLE to defend itself if it doesn't have a cybersecurity program.
Cyber security awareness is defined as the knowledge of an action taken to secure a company's information assets. When employees at a company are cyber security conscious, it implies they understand what cyber dangers are, the possible impact a cyber-attack will have on their company, and the procedures necessary to reduce risk and prevent cyber-crime from penetrating their online workspace.
To learn more about Cyber Security, you can go through the following references:-

• Hacking: The Art of EXPLOITATION by Jon Erickson
• Practical Malware Analysis by Michael Sikorski

Active reconnaissance is a type of computer assault in which an intruder interacts with the target system in order to gather information about weaknesses.
Port scanning is commonly used by attackers to detect vulnerable ports, after which they exploit the VULNERABILITIES of services linked with open ports.
This could be done using automatic scanning or manual testing with tools like ping, traceroute, and netcat, among others. This SORT of recon necessitates INTERACTION between the attacker and the victim. This recon is faster and more precise, but it generates far more NOISE. Because the attacker must engage with the target in order to obtain information, the recon is more likely to be DETECTED by a firewall or other network security device.

Polymorphic viruses are sophisticated file infectors that may build changed versions of themselves in order to avoid detection while maintaining the same FUNDAMENTAL behaviors after each infection. Polymorphic viruses encrypt their programming and employ various encryption keys each time to alter their physical file MAKEUP throughout each infection.
Mutation engines are used by polymorphic viruses to change their decryption routines every time they infect a machine. Because typical SECURITY solutions do not use a static, UNCHANGING code, TRADITIONAL security solutions may miss them. They are considerably more difficult to detect because they use complicated mutation engines that generate billions of decryption routines.

We must decide what to encrypt and where the encryption mechanism should be situated if encryption is to be USED to counter attacks on confidentiality. Link and end-to-end encryption are the two main ways of encryption placement.
End-to-end encryption, or E2EE, is a secure data transfer system in which data is encrypted and decrypted only at the endpoints, regardless of how MANY points it PASSES through in the middle of its virtual journey. This sort of encryption is an excellent technique to communicate in a secure and confidential manner. Because no one else has the key to decode it, no one in the middle will be able to read it.
The primary difference between link encryption and end-to-end encryption is that link encryption encrypts and decrypts all traffic at all points, not just at the endpoints. All data is encrypted as it TRAVELS along the communication line with this approach. When it reaches a router or another intermediary device, however, it is decrypted so that the intermediator can determine which direction to send it NEXT.

A TRACKING COOKIE, instead of a session cookie, would be USED in a spyware attack because it would last through MULTIPLE SESSIONS rather than just one.

A virus is a piece of harmful executable CODE that is attached to ANOTHER executable file and can modify or erase data. When a virus-infected computer application executes, it takes ACTION such as removing a file from the computer system. Viruses can't be managed from afar.
WORMS are comparable to viruses in that they do not alter the program. It continues to multiply itself, causing the computer system to slow down. Worms can be manipulated with remote control. Worms' primary goal is to CONSUME system resources.

SQL INJECTION is a typical attack in which FRAUDSTERS employ malicious SQL scripts to manipulate backend databases and get access to sensitive data. The hostile actor can see, edit, or remove important company data, customer lists, or customers' personal details contained in the SQL DATABASE after the attack is successful.

The following practices can help you AVOID SQL Injection ATTACKS:

• Prepare statements ahead of time.
• Use Pre-defined Procedures
• Verify the user's input.

Address Resolution Protocol Poisoning is a sort of cyber-attack that USES a network device to convert IP addresses to physical addresses. On the network, the host SENDS an ARP broadcast, and the RECEIVER machine responds with its physical address.
It is the practice of sending bogus addresses to a SWITCH so that it can associate them with the IP address of a legitimate machine on the network and hijack traffic.

Spear phishing is a type of phishing assault that targets a small number of high-value targets, USUALLY just one. Phishing usually entails SENDING a bulk EMAIL or message to a big group of people. It implies that spear-phishing will be much more personalized and perhaps more well-researched (for the individual), whereas phishing will be more like a real fishing trip where WHOEVER eats the hook is CAUGHT.

The MAJOR distinction between a block CYPHER and a stream cypher is that a block cypher turns plain text into ciphertext one block at a time. Stream cypher, on the other hand, converts plain text into ciphertext by taking one byte of plain text at a time.

DNS hijacking is a SORT of cyberattack in which cyber thieves utilize weaknesses in the Domain Name System to redirect USERS to malicious websites and steal data from targeted machines. Because the DNS system is such an important part of the INTERNET infrastructure, it poses a serious cybersecurity risk.

These can be avoided by the following precautions:-

• Examine the DNS zones in your system.
• Make sure your DNS servers are up to current.
• The BIND version is hidden.
• Transfers between zones should be limited.
• To avoid DNS poisoning attempts, DISABLE DNS recursion.
• Use DNS servers that are separated.
• Make use of a DDOS mitigation SERVICE.

HIDs look at CERTAIN host-based actions including what apps are RUN, what files are accessed, and what information is stored in the kernel logs. NIDs examine the flow of data between COMPUTERS, often known as network traffic. They basically "sniff" the network for unusual activity. As a result, NIDs can IDENTIFY a hacker before he can make an unlawful entry, whereas HIDs won't notice ANYTHING is wrong until the hacker has already gotten into the system.

In general, system HARDENING refers to a set of tools and procedures for managing vulnerabilities in an organization's systems, applications, FIRMWARE, and other components.
The goal of system hardening is to LOWER security risks by lowering potential ATTACKS and COMPRESSING the system's attack surface.
The many types of system hardening are as follows:

• Hardening of databases
• Hardening of the operating system
• Hardening of the application
• Hardening the server
• Hardening the network

Sniffing is a technique for evaluating data packets delivered across a network. This can be accomplished through the use of specialized software or hardware. Sniffing can be used for a variety of PURPOSES, including:

• CAPTURE CONFIDENTIAL information, such as a password.
• Listen in on chat messaging
• Over a network, keep an EYE on a data PACKAGE.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) scan and monitor NETWORK traffic for signals that attackers are attempting to infiltrate or steal data from your network using a KNOWN CYBER threat. IDS systems detect a variety of activities such as security policy violations, malware, and port scanners by comparing current network ACTIVITY to a known threat database.
Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) are located between the outside world and the internal network, in the same area of the network as a firewall. If a packet REPRESENTS a known security hazard, an IPS will proactively prohibit network traffic based on a security profile.
The fundamental distinction is that an IDS is a monitoring system, whereas an IPS is a control system. IDS makes no changes to network packets, whereas IPS block packet delivery depending on the contents of the packet, similar to how a firewall blocks traffic based on IP address.

It's a form of cyber threat or malicious effort in which fraudsters use Internet traffic to fulfill legitimate requests to the target or its surrounding infrastructure, causing the target's regular traffic to be disrupted. The requests originate from a variety of IP addresses, which might cause the system to become unworkable, overload its servers, cause them to slow down or GO offline, or prevent an organization from performing its essential responsibilities.

The methods listed below will assist you in stopping and PREVENTING DDOS attacks:

• Create a denial of the service response strategy.
• Maintain the integrity of your network infrastructure.
• Use fundamental network SECURITY measures.
• Keep a solid network architecture.
• Recognize the WARNING Signs
• Think about DDoS as a service.

SSL (SECURE Sockets Layer) is a secure technology that allows two or more parties to communicate securely over the internet. To PROVIDE security, it works on top of HTTP. It works at the Presentation layer.
HTTPS (HYPERTEXT Transfer Protocol Secure) is a COMBINATION of HTTP and SSL that uses encryption to create a more secure surfing experience. The working of HTTPS involves the top 4 LAYERS of the OSI model, i.e, Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, and Transport Layer.
SSL is more secure than HTTPS in terms of security. 

Perimeter-based cybersecurity entails putting SECURITY MEASURES in place to safeguard your company's network from hackers. It examines PEOPLE attempting to break into your network and prevents any suspicious intrusion attempts.

The term "data-based PROTECTION" refers to the use of security measures on the data itself. It is UNAFFECTED by network connectivity. As a result, you can keep track of and safeguard your data regardless of where it is stored, who accesses it, or which connection is used to access it.

Companies use VLANs to consolidate devices that are dispersed across several remote sites into a single broadcast domain. VPNs, on the other hand, are USED to transmit secure data between two offices of the same organization or between offices of different companies. Individuals also use it for their personal needs.
A VLAN is a VPN subtype. VPN stands for VIRTUAL Private NETWORK, and it is a technology that creates a virtual tunnel for secure data transfer over the Internet.
Because it enables encryption and anonymization, a VPN is a more advanced but more expensive solution. A VLAN is useful for segmenting a network into logical sections for easier management, but it lacks the security characteristics of a VPN.
A virtual LOCAL area network minimizes the number of routers required as well as the cost of deploying routers. A VPN improves a network's overall efficiency.
Example of a VPN:- NordVPN, ZenMate