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Chengiz Khan.

The  Mamluk.

Prudhvi Raj Chauhan was defeated by Md. Ghori in 1192 A.D.

Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq

Land revenue was the major source of income to the Kakatiya kingdom.

History is considered as the record of past factual events.

The Kakatiya Dynasty : This dynasty was a South Indian dynasty. It ruled most of Eastern Deccan region comprising present day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and parts of Eastern Karnataka and Southern Odisa.

• In the 13th century, many petty rulers existed such as Chauhans of Rajasthan, Pratiharas, and Gadhwals (Rathod) of Kanauj, Chandellas of Bundelkhand, Parmars of Malwa, Kalachuris of Gorakhpur, Kalachuris of Tripuri (Madhya Pradesh), Chalukyas (Solanki) of Gujarat, Palas of Bengal, etc. 
• They did resist the invasions of the Turks individually but they did not unite for it.

The sources of history are classified into two categories. They are : 

1. Archeological sources and 

2. Literary sources.

We have to study History as it reveals how the people lived in that society, their rules and regulations, cultures and traditions in a chronological order i.e., from past to present.

Coins, inscriptions, monuments, rock edicts etc.

Sources of History :

1. Archaeological sources.

2. Literary sources.

We have to study history as it reveals how the people lived in that society, their rules and regulations, cultures and traditions in a chronological order i.e., from past to present.

• The Khyber Pass has proved to be very important in Indian history. 
• During the ancient period, the trade between India and Central Asia was carried via. this pass. 
• After the Persian Emperor Darius, Alexander came, to India, via. this pass and so did Mahmud Ghazni, Babur, Nadir Shah, and Ahmed Shah Abdali. 
• The British built a railway line with its last destination at a place called ‘Jamrud’ near Peshawar in Pakistan, Jamrud in the doorway of Khyber Pass

• During the sultanate period, there were major changes in the coinage system. 
• The names of the Khalifa and the Sultan were inscribed on the coins. 
• Details regarding the year of issue, place of minting, etc. were inscribed on it in the Arabic script. 
• ‘Tola’ came to be considered as a standard unit for the weight of the coin.

• The textile industry flourished on large scale. 
• Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Banaras, Patna, Khambayat, Burhanpur, Devgiri were the main centers of the textile industry during this period.
• The cotton cloth was exported on a large scale from Bengal to Gujarat. 
• The textile exports included muslin, linen cloth, satin, and jari cloth. 
• The textile dyeing industry gained importance. Golconda, Ahmedabad, Dhaka, etc. were the centers of this industry.

1. The archeological sources played an important role in construct or to reconstruct the history of a region. 

2. The archeological source enhanced our knowledge about our pa :” and ais provided important materials, which we could not have been obtained othe wise.

Example : 

Inscriptions, coins, monuments are the archeological sources. 

These material things provide valuable information about social, political ar d economic status of the people of the period.

They give evidences of Ancient history.

1. Illeagal ways and means of earning money is corruption. 

2. Establishing accountability through oversight systems and transparent decision-making.

3. We can reduce corruption by increasing direct contact between government and the governed.

Even though at present women are facing discrimination and conspiracies they au coming them and making their ae choices.

Correct option is (b) Qutubuddin Aibak

A) Razia Sultana

Razia Sultana

Correct option is B) AlamShah

The Khizr Khan.

Bahalul Lodi.

C) Jalaluddin Khilji

Correct option is A) Aibak

1. 1221 CEto 1368 CE 

2. Prominent 

3. Timur 

4. Devagiri 

5. Ibrahim Lodi

Sultan Raziyya was the only woman ruler of Delhi Sultanate.

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty.

a) Branding of horses

Alauddin Khalji was the successor of Jalaluddin Khalji.

Correct option is C) 1316 CE

Rudra Deva’s achievements were described in Hanumakonda.inscription.

Administration of Sultans : 

1. The Sultan authority was supreme in all aspects of administration. All the powers of political, legal, military and religious powers vested with him. 

2. The rule was in accordance with Shariat or the Islamic law. 

3. The Sultanate was divided into smaller units ’Iqtas, Shiqs, Parganas and Villages. 

4. The centre will not interfere in the affairs of village administration. 

5. The heirs of the Bandagans who were loyal to Sultan were appointed as generals and governors. 

6. Chahaigani played pivotal role during the period of lltutmish.

Inscription : The fact of writing or a small bit of writing.

My opinion is 

1. It became difficult for Tughlaq to obtain regular supply of gold and silver for minting coins. 

2. Thus, he replaced those coins and started the circulation of copper and brass coins as the token currency. 

3. He asked the people to consider them equal to the value of gold and silver coins.

Iqta system

1. Delhi Sultanate was divided into Iqtas. 

2. The governors of these Iqtas were called Muqtis, the military officers. 

3. Muqtis had to maintain law and order in theirallotted Iqtas and had to provide military, revenue services to Sultan. 

4. Revenue collected from their Iqtas was utilised for administrative purpose and maintenance of army. 

5. Rank of Muqti was not hereditary. 

6. They were often transferred from one Iqta to another Iqta.

Social Life :

1. The Muslim community had two branches, foreign and local. 

2. Foreign origin stood first in the society. ‘ 

3. They got many privileges and influenced the administration. 

4. The Indian Muslims were down graded to the second place. 

5. They occupied many jobs like teachers, judges etc. 

Economic Life: 

1. Agriculture was the main occupation. 

2. The tillers had to play 1/3 of their produce as land revenue. 

3. Textile industry was the main industry. . 

4. Trade was carried in both ways – internal and international.

5. Alauddin Khalji introduced the market reforms. . 

6. Grains were stored in government granaries. 

7. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was introduced copper and brass coins.

b) Iqtas

The Delhi Sultans divided the Empire into Iqtas.

Failures of Tughlaq :

1. His campaign into Kashmir was a disaster, after which he gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana. 

2. The shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad was a spoiled decision. 

3. He ordered entire population to move with bed and baggage. Many died during the travel and some after reaching the destination. 

4. The rising of taxes and famine, the Ganga, Yamuna belt led to the wide spread of rebellions. 

5. He also, introduced ‘Token’ currency in copper coins and agriculture reforms. These were illcalculated experiments which provied a miserable failures of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Correct Answer is  (d) Gawan of Golconda

1. Parmars

2. Jamrud

Bandagan System is Iltutmish.

1. lltutmish purchased slaves for military service called Bandagan in Persian. 

2. The Sultan was confident in this system as these slaves were loyal and completely dependent on their king. 

3. It was continued during Khiljis and Tughlaqs. 

4. The heirs of the Bandagans who were loyal to Sultah were appointed as generals and governors.

Alauddin Khilji

The Mughal ruler, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D.

Correct option is B) 1526 AD

C) Allauddin Khilji