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Answer is (c) People

1. New Zealand was the first country to allow women to vote in 1893.

2. Voting rights to women were given in 1918 and 1920 in the UK and USA respectively.

1. Indian Constitution was drafted by the Drafting Committee of the Constitution Assembly.

2. It was headed by Dr. B.R. Ambadkar.

3. That is why we call him the Chief architect of our constitution.

(d) All of these

(c) Dr. B.R. Ambekar

(c) Constitution

1. In a democracy the power is vested in the hands of the people.

2. For that the people should have rights to take decisions.

3. So the representative government elected by the people to form a democratic system, all those above the age of 18 are given voting rights to elect representatives.

4. At the same time the representatives have the responsibility to protect the welfare

1. In the system of democracy, the power to take decisions does not lie with the head.

2. In the contrary, a group holds the power but adheres of the rules and regulations.

3. All the members of the group hold open discussions and take final decisions only when everyone is convinced.

4. This is called democratic way of decision making.

Representative democracy can be either Parliamentary democracy as followed in India and England or Presidential democracy as followed in the USA and Canada.

The presidential democracy is a system in which the head of the government leads the executive branch, and the executive branch is separate from legislative.

The meaning of democracy is a system of governance which is based on the power of people.

Abraham Lincoln: “Democracy is the government for the people, by the people and of the people.”

As per the traditional theory and concept of democracy, following are the fundamental rules of governance: Governance should be done by people (by people’s representatives), theory of majority should be obeyed in formation and running of government, government should be answerable to the people, and People’s interests should be the goal of governance.

Five demerits of democracy are as follows: 

1. Wrong.notion about individuals in democracy 

2. Rule of Incapability 

3. Claims of educational importance are misleading 

4. Concept of democratic freedom and equality is misleading 

5. 111 Effects of Political Parties

Five merits of democracy are as follows: 

1. Growth in public welfare 

2. Efficient government 

3. Means of public education 

4. Means of moral education 

5. Education on patriotism

United Kingdom, India.

Direct democracy is being practiced in five cantons of Switzerland.

Emocracy is said to be the rule of the public but voters do not show adequate interest in the elections. In spite of all the efforts by political parties and their candidates; just 50 to 60% voters participate in the election process. This makes it clear that public does not consider it as a part of the government system because of demerits of democracy, j Moreover, when hundred percent voters don’t exercise their voting rights, this results in election of less capable and opportunistic candidates.

Democracy provides political freedom and equality to people but it doesn’t provide economic freedom and equality. Political freedom and equality become meaningless in the absence of economic freedom and equality. Rich people become fight elections and get elected because of the money power. When most of the members of the legislature are rich then they make laws which are in favour of rich. This shows that lack of economic equality makes political freedom and equality almost meaningless.

Democratic government is considered to be the most efficient government. There are many reasons for efficiency of democratic government. Policies are made according to popular mandate in democracy. Hence, public cooperation is ensured in implementing these policies. As the democratic government is answerable to people hence it strives to maintain efficiency.

The democratic government accepts the theory of ‘power of people’. Hence, a democratic government is answerable to people for its works. This means that if a government takes away the freedom of individual, does not respect people’s mandate and does not work towards public welfare then people can change the government.

The fundamental beliefs and traits of the traditional liberal theory of democracy are as follows: 

A man is an intelligent animal and has the power to understand his interests and risks. All people are basically same. Government should be formed on the basis of democratic constitutionalism, i.e. theory of limited governance should be followed. People’s desire’ is the basis of the power of government hence government is just a trustee of political power. 

There are definite and fundamental rules of governance, e.g.

1. Governance should be done by people (by people’s representatives), 

2. Theory of majority should be obeyed in formation and running of government, 

3. government should be answerable to the people, and 

4. People’s interests should be the goal of governance.

People should be given individual freedoms and rights and independent and impartial judiciary should be constituted to protect these rights. Free and fair polls should be conducted at fixed intervals and there should be more than one political party, Government should respect the mandate of people.

Democracy also strengthens the spirit of patriotism. In democracy, state is not considered a property of any ruling class rather as a property of the people. This helps in strengthening the patriotic spirit in public. According to Mill, “Democracy enhances the spirit of patriotism.”

In democracy; public gives its opinion on common problems of people. The common public expresses its opinions through means of opinion making and through general elections. Common public is aware of its rights and duties and learns to sacrifice its narrow interests to further bigger goals. Because of this, Gattel has said that democracy is a school which educates its citizens.