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Lymph vessel found in villi is called lacteal.

The hardest substance in the body is Enamel.

• Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of attachment is called the codont. 
• A set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth is called diphyodont. 

Thecodont: Each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of attachment is called thecodont. 

Diphyodont: The type of dentition in which an animal gets two sets of teeth during its lifetime is called diphyodont. This type of dentition is present in most of the mammals.

The state of health due to improper intake of food or nutrients. It covers both undernutrition as well as overnutrition.

Papillae is the upper surface of tongue.

In man there are 3 pairs of salivary glands, they are are the parotid, Sublingual and Submaxillary glands. Saliva contains the starch splitting enzyme salivary amylase or Ptyalin.

Liver is largest gland in our body.

Hepatic lobules

Peptones are partially hydrolysed proteins.

Process through which digested food diffuses through the intestinal mucous membrane and reaches the blood or lymph.

Simple diffusion – Movement of molecules along the concentration gradient of molecules without any requirement of energy. (some glucose, amino acids, chloride ions). 

Active transport – Movement of molecules across semipermeable membrane against the concentration gradient requiring energy from ATP (amino acids, glucose, sodium). 

Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion of some ions and polar molecules across membranes through special transport proteins (fructose and some amino acids). 

Osmosis: Movement of water molecules across semi permeable membrane from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration (transport of water). 

(a) Mouth 

(b) Small intestine 

(c) Large intestine 

(d) Stomach

Alkaline medium is provided by bile from the liver and bicarbonates from panereas and Brunner’s glands.

(a) Diphyodont

(b) Mucosal epithilium, goblet cells

(c) Glisson’s capsule

(d) Sphincter of Oddi

(e) Stomach.

Bile helps in breaking down of fats into very small micelles which is known as emulsification. It also activates lipases which act on emulsified fats and digest them. Bile also helps in stimulation, peristaltic movement, acts as a buffer and helps in lubrication of food.

(a) → (iii)

(b) → (iv)

(c) → (ii)

(d)→ (v)

(e) → (i)

‘Lipases’ hydrolyse lipids.

Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

Chylomicrons are the protein-coated, water-soluble globules of the newly synthesized fats that is combined with phospholipids and liberated into the lymph for circulation.

The mechanical action taking place in the mouth is known as ‘Mastication’.

Chylomicrons

Bile is the juice secreted by the liver.

The Villi are structures of the intestinal wall that increase the surface of absorption i.e. their chief function is absorption

Sucrase acts on the dissacharide sucrose resulting in a molecule of Fructose and a molecule of glucose.

Lacteal is the name of the major lymph vessel present in the intestinal villi.

• Proteases are secreted in inactive form and pose no threat to the gut lining.
• The mucus and bicarbonates present in the gastric juice play an important role in the protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly concentrated Hydrochloric acid.

Liver:

Liver is the largest gland of the body. It is situated in the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm and has two lobes. The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords. Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glisson’s capsule. The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder. The duct of gall bladder (Cystic duct) along with the peptic duct from the liver forms the common bile duct. The bile contains pigments like bilirubin and biliverdin, bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes. Bile helps in emulsification of fats and activates lipases.

Epiglottis   .

Insulin acts as a hypoglycemic factor.

The deficiency of ‘Insulin’ causes Diabetes mellitus.

• Rennin is the proteolytic enzyme found in the gastric juice of infants.
• It hydrolyses milk proteins and helps in its digestion.

The secretions of the brush border cells of the mucosa along with the secretions of the gobletcells constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus. This juice contains a variety of enzymes like disaccharidases (e.g. maltase) dipeptidases, lipases and nucleosidase.

The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes like Na⁺ , K⁺ , Cl^– , and enzymes like salivary amylase and lysozyme. Salivary amylase helps in digesting starch and lysozyme acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.

The pancreas is a compound (both exo-crine and endrocrine) elongated organ situated between the limbs of the U shaped duodenum. The exocrine portion of pancreas secretes an alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes liketrypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxy peptidases, amylases, lipases and nucleases. The endocrine portion secretes hormones, insulin and glucagon.

Stomach is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity on the left side, just below the diaphragm.

The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. It reduces the absorption of food.

Cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions.

Vermiform appendix.

Stomach is a ‘J’ shaped bag like structure. A muscular sphincter called ‘gastro-oesophageal sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach. The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity and has three major parts a cadiac portion into which the oesophagus opens, a fun dic region and a pyloric region which opens into the small intestine.

Ileum is longest.

Smooth muscles

• It helps in absorption of water, minerals and certain drugs. 
• Secretion of mucus which helps in adhering the waste particles together and lubricating it for an easy passage.

Duct of gall bladder 

Jaundice – Liver affected. Skin and eyes turn yellow due to accumulation of bile and its absorption in blood.

Vomiting – Ejection of stomach contents through mouth (reflex action). Nausea precedes vomiting. 

Diarrhoea – Abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of fecal discharge. Reduces absorption of food. 

Constipation – Feces retained in rectum due to irregular bowel movements. 

Indigestion – Food not properly digested leading to feeling of fullness.

Kwashiorkor – protein deficiency disease commonly affecting children between 1 to 3 years of age. 

Marasmus – is protein – energy malnutrition (PEM). Mainly occurs in age group of one year in newly born baby.

Defecation : Feces (Undigested and unabsorbed wastes, solidified into coherent structures) in small intestine are passed on to the large intestine. 

• No digestion in large intestine.
• Water, minerals and drugs get absorbed.

Egestion : Feces are eliminated through the anus by a voluntary process carried out by mass peristaltic movement.

Deglutition is the process of swallowing in which bolus is conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus.

Taste buds are located in the papillae on the upper surface of the tongue.

Space bounded dorsally by skull and ventrally by throat. 

There are three parts :

Vestibule - space bounded by lips and cheeks and gums and teeth. 

Buccal / oral cavity – surrounded by upper jaw (fixed) and lower jaw (movable).

• Tongue – Musculo-sensory, protrusible organ, an organ of taste, helps in chewing, swallowing and speech.
• Teeth – masticating organ, used for cutting, chewing and grinding. 

Pharynx - Serves as a common passage for food and air.

When thoroughly masticated food mixes with the saliva, the food particles stick together with the help of mucus into what is known as bolus.