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Gray code is a non-weighted code which is used in analog to digital conversion.

 1's complement of 1100(6₁₀) = 0011 = 3₁₀
= 9's complement of 6
∴ 2421 code is self complementing code

Looping is encircling of two adjacent 1 s on a K map.

A cell in a K map is a box which represents a particular combination of variables in its product form.

A group of adjacent 1 either horizontally or vertically but not diagonally on a K map is called a pair.

A max term is a special case sum term containing all input variables that make up a Boolean expression. 

A min term is a special case product term containing all input variable that make up a Boolean expression.

NAND gate and NOR gate.

NAND gate and NOR gate are called universal gates because all the logic gates can be realised using these gates.

Gray code changes only by one bit, each time the decimal number is incremented.

A redundant group is a group in which all the 1 s in a group are over lapped by other groups.

\(Y=AB\,+\,\overline{AB}=\overline{A\,\oplus \, B}\)

\(Y=A\bar B+\bar AB=A\,\oplus\, B\)

A redundant group is a group in which all the 1 s in a group are overlapped by other groups. Redundent group should be eliminated before writing simplified Boolean equation using k map. The elimination of redundant groups results in a simple logic circuit.

XNOR gate is a logic circuit whose output is HIGH only the inputs are same.

An output condition that may be either 1 or 0 without affecting the operation of the system is called don’t care condition.

An output condition that may be treated as either 1 or 0 without affecting the operation is called don’t care condition.

When simplifying a logic expression using a K-map, a don’t care condition can be treated as a 1 if it contributes to the simplification and can be treated as 0 if it does not contribute to the simplification.

A register is a set of flip flops used to store binary data.

XOR gate is a logic gate whose output is HIGH only when odd number of inputs are HIGH.

Toggling of the output more than once during the same clock pulse is called race around condition. It can be eliminated using an RC network (edge triggering) at the clock input or by using Master-slave JK flip flop.

Counters are classified as synchronous counters and asynchronous counters.

(i) Serial-in, serial-out.

(ii) Serial-in, parallel-out

(iii) Parallel-in, serial-out.

(iv) Parallel-in, parallel-out.

The SHIFT LOAD line.