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Three commonly used vaccines are:

1. BCG for tuberculosis.

2. Salk vaccine for polio.

3. DPT for diptheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus.

Nail biting may cause many disease as the dirt has many bacteria causing diseases. Nails should be cut from time to time to save from diseases.

Those disease which spread from one person to another by the entry of microorganisms are known as communicable diseases.

Indirect methods of transmission of communicable diseases: 

1. Using items used by the infected persons: The healthy persons may be infected by using the articles like towel, hankey, utensils, bedding used by the patient infected by the communicable diseases. Diseases like tuberculosis, ring worm; common cold, influenza are transmitted by this method. 

2. Contaminated food and water: Diseases like dysentery, cholera spread through the contaminated food and water. Flies sitting on the food, if taken by a healthy person may be infected by the germs which may cause vomiting and loose motions. Similarly water and food infected by entamoeba may cause dysentery to persons who may take contaminated food. 

3. Vectors or carriers: Organisms like mosquitoes and house flies, ticks carry germs from the source of infection and pass on the germs to the normal persons and thus they are infected by diseases like malaria, cholera, plague. These organisms which carry the disease are called vectors and are not infected themselves. 

Mosquitoes suck blood and carry the disease causing protozoans from infected persons to healthy persons.  Similarly houseflies carry the germs from garbage and sewage to the food. If this food is taken by the persons they become prey to typhoid and other diseases. 

4. Air: One sneeze from a person infected by cold may give billions of germs which are carried by air and may infect the healthy person. Tuberculosis passes from one person to other by coughing or sneezing of the infected person. These germs remain suspended in the air and persons may be infected by these spores or germs. Common cold, measles, diptheria, chicken pox.

Communicable diseases are transmitted broadly by two modes: 

1. Direct transmission: It is by 

(a) Direct contact: From skin to skin. Examples: eye infection (conjunctivitis), skin diseases, etc. 

(b) Droplet infection: From droplet of saliva or nose during cough, sneezing, speaking and spitting. 

Examples: Tuberculosis (TB), common cold, whooping cough, influenza. 

(c) Contact with soil. Example: mycosis, tetanus. 

(d) Inoculation into skin: Microbes may inoculate directly into skin. Examples: Rabies virus is inoculated by dog bite, hepatitis B virus is inoculated through contaminated needles and syringes. 

2. Indirect transmission: It is by 

(a) Transmission of microbes through water and food (vehicle borne transmission). Examples: typhoid, cholera, polio, food poisoning, diarrhoea etc. 

(b) Transmission by blood. Examples: Hepatitis B and malaria. 

(c) Transmission of microbes by an arthropod/living carrier (vector borne). Examples: malaria, dengue are transmitted by mosquito, typhoid, cholera are transmitted by housefly, plague is transmitted by rat flea, etc.

(d) Transmission through fomites: Fomites include soiled clothes, towel, cups, spoon, toys, etc. Examples: diptheria, eye and skin infection.

(e) Transmission through unclean hands. Examples: typhoid, intestinal parasites.

(f) Air borne transmission. Examples: epidemic typhus.

Diseases which spread from an infected person to a healthy person are called  communicable or infectious diseases. These diseases are caused through infections by  microbes called pathogens.  Example: Cholera, typhoid, cold, malaria, AIDS.

• Wash your hands before and after meals.

• Brush your teeth twice a day.

• Don’t keep long nails.

• Walking barefoot must be avoided.

• Waste food material and garbage should be thrown in bins and covered properly.

Disease: Disease is a departure from normal health due to structural or functional disorder of the body. Disease may be due to deficiency of nutrients or malfunctioning of organs or 1 genetic disorders, improper metabolic activity, or allergies, or cancer and mental illness as diabetes, haemophilia, leukemia, schizophrenia.

Immunisation: It means, we make the body immune to certain diseases by introducing respective weakened germs into the body. Thus we develop resistance to the concerned disease this process is called immunisation. The germs or the material introduced into the body to make it resistant to the concerned disease is called vaccine. This produces antibodies in the body of the person and the person can be saved by these antibodies. The vaccine can be given by the injection or orally as polio drops, tap vaccine for typhoid, BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. 

Pathogens: The germs that cause diseases to human beings and to other animals and plants are called pathogens. They spread the diseases from person to person or through the air or through the articles of the diseased persons. Pathogens may be different kinds of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans or worms. 

AID’S (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome): It is a viral disease caused by the virus called HIV (Human immuno deficiency virus) This virus makes the defence mechanism of the human body very weak. The immune system in the body as W.B.C. becomes weak. Thus the person catches the infectious diseases very easily. This disease spreads through sexual contact as one of the partner may be carrier of the disease. It may spread through the blood transfusion and infected syringes, blades of the barbers, it may infect the developing baby through the blood by the mother. It is very deadly disease. 

Vaccination: Vaccination is a method of making the body immune to a particular disease by injecting killed or weakened disease causing microbe into a body to stimulate the formation of antibodies and develop immunity to that disease causing microbe.

Vector: A vector is an organism that carries disease causing microbes (pathogens) from one host to another. They are the carriers of infection. Example: Mosquito, housefly, etc.

1. Vaccination: Vaccination is a method of making the body immune to a particular  disease by injecting killed or weakened disease causing microbe into a body to  stimulate the formation of antibodies and develop immunity to that disease  causing microbe.  

2. Immunisation: Immunisation is body’s natural defence mechanism which acts by  producing antibodies against the antigens infecting the body.  

3. Immunity: The ability of an organism to resist and overcome infection is called  immunity.  

4. Vaccine: A vaccine is a biological preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen  (disease causing microbes) which stimulates the formation of antibodies and  develops immunity against a particular disease.  

5. Pathogen: Any organism that is capable of causing disease is called a pathogen.  Examples: bacteria, virus or other microorganism.

6. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a disease caused by the malfuntioning of heart wherein the arterial walls get hardened and thickened, reducing the flow of blood and raising the blood pressure

For developing resistance in the body we introduce germs or germ substances in the body to develop resistance in the body against a particular disease. The material introduced into the body is called vaccine, this practice is called prophylaxis. The germ or the germ substance is put into the body orally as polio drops or it is introduced by injection as TAB vaccine. Vaccine or vaccination was attached with small pox, but it is now used in a general sense.

Preparation: 

1. Killed germs are introduced into the body These act as vaccine for TAB, vaccine for typhoid, Salk’s vaccine for poliomyelitis. Rabies vaccine for dog bite. 

2. Living weakened germs: The living germs are treated in such a way that they become very weak and as such, they cannot cause the disease. They can induce antibody formation such as the vaccine for measles and the freezed dried BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. 

3. Living fully virulent germs: These virulent germs in small doses are introduced into the body as vaccine and these produce antibodies in the body and these do not allow the germs of particular type to cause that disease: In this vaccination the person is inoculated with cowpox virus. It is very similar to small pox virus. 

4. Toxoids: Toxoids are prepared from the extracts., of toxins secreted by bacteria. These toxins are poisons and these are made harmless by adding formalin into them. They retain their capacity and as a result when introduced into the body they produce antibodies into the body and do not allow the germs to grow in the body as vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus.

Rabies by dog bite.

Snake poisoning by snake bite.

Atherosclerosis is a disease caused by the malfunctioning of circulatory system in the body. The arterial walls get hardened and thickened, reducing the flow of blood. This raises the blood pressure.

Fast food like pizza, burger, patty, oily foods etc. have much carbohydrates and fats. Children eating these become more and more fat and gain weight soon as they do not do much of physical work.

AIDS is a  viral disease. 

Pellagra is  

1. Vit. B3 disease

Rabies/Hydrophobia