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(c) Ozone layer

1. United States of America – (USA) 

2. Europian Union – (EU) 

3. Japan 

4. Russian Federation

5. United Arab Emirates (UAE) 

6. Saudi Arabia 

7. China

1. An ecosystem includes all living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). 

2. Ecosystems are the foundations of the Biosphere and they determine the health of the entire earth system.

Ecosystem is smallest unit of Biosphere.

Correct Answer is: (a) Living

The term environment has been derived from a French word Environia.

(b) Changing precipitation

(d) Ozone layer – Major cause of death

Types of Air pollution: 

1. Indoor Air Pollution: It refers to toxic contaminants that we encounter in our daily lives in our homes, schools and workplaces.

For example, cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air pollution.

2. Outdoor Air Pollution: It refers to ambient air. The common sources of outdoor air pollution are caused by combustion processes from motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 

1. It is crucial to harmonize three core elements such as economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.

2. A set of 17 goals for the World’s future can be achieved before 2030 with three unanimous principles fixed by United Nations such as Universality, Integration and Transformation.

1. End Poverty in all its forms everywhere 

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 

4. Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning

5. Achieve gender equality and empower women.and girls 

6. Ensure access to water and sanitation for all 

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modem energy for all. 

8. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. 

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. 

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries 

11. Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern 

13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 

14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources 

15. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss 

16. Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies 

17. Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

(a) Climate Change: 

1. The climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period with respect to the growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

2. Recent studies have shown that human activities since the beginning of the industrial revolution, have contributed to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by as much as 40%, from about 280 parts per million in the pre-industrial period, to 402 parts per million in 2016, which in turn has led to global warming.

3. Several parts of the world have already experienced the warming of coastal waters, high temperatures, a marked change in rainfall patterns, and an increased intensity and frequency of storms. Sea levels and temperatures are expected to be rising.

(b) Acid Rain:

1. Acid rain is one of the consequences of air pollution. 

2. It occurs when emissions from factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the atmosphere. 

3. These emissions contain nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide which when mixed with water becomes sulfurous acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. 

4. This process also occurs by nature through volcanic eruptions.

5. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure.

1. A seed ball (or seed bomb) is a seed that has been wrapped in soil materials, usually a mixture of clay and compost, and then dried. 

2. Essentially, the seed is ‘pre-planted’ and can be sown by depositing the seed ball anywhere suitable for the species, keeping the seed safely until the proper germination window arises.

3. Seed balls are an easy and sustainable way to cultivate plants that provide a larger window of time when the sowing can occur.

(a) Environment

(c) Material balance

GDP Growth: 

1. Ross domestic product is the money value of final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year. 

2. GDP can determined in 3 ways in all of which should in principle give the same result. 

3. The real Economic GDP growth rate expressed as percentage that shows the rate of change in a countries GDP. 

4. The Four supply Factors are natural resources capital goods, human resources and technology.

5. GDP is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services. 

6. The contribution of the nature to GDP as well as depletion of natural resources are not accounted in the present system of National Income.

Quality of Environment:

1. Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the environment either generalized or local as they impinge on human beings and other organisms. 

2. It is measure of condition of an environment relative to one or more species any human need or purpose. 

3. Environmental quality has been continuously declining due to capitalistic mode of functioning. 

4. Environment is a pure public good that can be consumed simultaneously by everyone and from which no one can be excluded.

5. A pure public good is one for which consumption is non-revival and from which it is impossible to exclude a consumer. 

6. The environment directly affects health status and plays a major role in quality of life lived and good health disparties.

(d) Positive externalities

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

(b) Non – market goods

1. Electronic waste which is commonly referred as “ewaste” is the new byproduct of the Info Tech society.

2. It is a physical waste in the form of old discarded, end of life electronics.

3. It includes a broad and growing range of electronic devices from large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cellular phones, computers and other electronic goods”.

4. Similarly, e-waste can be defined as the result when consumer, business and household devices are disposed or sent for re-cycling (example, television, computers, audio-equipments, VCR, DVD, telephone, Fax, Xerox machines, wireless devices, video games, other household electronic equipments).

(c) Global warming

(d) Microbiological pollution – Water pollution

Electronic waste is commonly referred as E – waste.

(a) E – waste

(d) All the above

(b) Global warming

(d) Organic farming – Deforestation

(c) Farmers – Use highly toxic fertilizers

(a) A (ii) B (i) C (iv) D (iii)

(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false

Heavy machineries located inside big factories and industrial plants also emit pollutants into the Air.

(a) Organic farming

Soil pollution is another form of Land pollution.

Remedial measures to control Noise Pollution 

1. Use of noise barriers 

2. Newer roadway for surface transport 

3. Traffic control 

4. Regulating times for heavy vehicles 

5. Installations of noise barriers in the work place 

6. Regulation of Loudspeakers

(d) Chemical fertilizer

(c) Fertilizer spoiled

(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true

(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false

(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false

(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false

Solid Wastes: 

1. Non-liquid, non-soluble materials, ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex, and hazardous, substances. 

2. Solid wastes include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, and mining residues.

1. Noise pollution is unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health and environmental quality. 

2. Noise pollution is commonly generated by many factories. 

3. It also comes from highway, railway and airplane traffic and from outdoor construction ’ activities.