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Sample B is more polluted than Sample A.

Due to global warming, stenothermals would either migrate or die due to change in the temperature.

Polyblend is a fine powder of recycled modified plastic. Polyblend was produced to recycle plastic waste. When blended with bitumen, polyblend can be used to lay roads that have increased road life.

Irreparable computers and other electronic goods are the known sources of electronic wastes (e-wastes). E-wastes are buried in landfills or incinerated. Recycling is the only solution for the treatment of e-wastes.

(a) Value point conveying importance of clean environment / surrounding.

(b) Social attitude/co-ordination/financial issues / disposal of collected garbage / separation of biodegradable and non-degradable waste / lack of awareness / any other relevant problem.

(c) Compaigning / creating awareness / provision of imposing penalty / complaining to appropriate authority / publicity through mass media / using masks or gloves for separation and disposal of various categories of garbage or any other relevant point.

Detailed Answer : 

(a) "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" is an initiative started by India's Prime Minister Honble Mr. Narendra Modi Ji on October 02,2014. It is India's biggest cleanliness drive since independence. On a personal note, I am completely in support for the movement. It is our primary duty to clean our nation because wastes are the biggest evil that hinders the progress and the development of a country. An unclean surrounding will lead to a lot of problems, starting from the health of citizens to the shortage of land. On a larger scale, it is responsible for the pollution, be it air and water, which creates problem both on development and economic aspects of the country. 

(b) As a biologist, two problems faced while implementing the programme in my locality are as follows : 

(i) Problem of proper sanitation. 

(ii) Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. 

(c) (i) To overcome sanitation problem, we should provide awareness regarding the advantages of proper sanitation and encourage people of the locality to make proper toilets. 

(ii) There should be separate bin for both biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes so that they can be used and recycled accordingly.

(a) Mohit will give following reasons : 

(i) CNG burns most efficiently, unlike petrol or diesel, in the automobiles and very little of it is left unburnt. 

(ii) CNG is cheaper than petrol or diesel, cannot be siphoned off by thieves and adulterated like petrol/diesel. 

(b) Mohit shows : concern towards environment, awareness towards sustainable development. 

(c) Phasing out of old vehicles, use of unleaded petrol, use of low sulphur petrol/diesel, use of catalytic converters in vehicles and application of stringent pollution level norms for vehicles

Eichhomia crassipes is the problematic aquatic weed grow in eutrophied water body.

Eutrophication due to nutrient enrichment of water . Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.

Multipurpose trees are that which are grown for more than one purpose or benefits. They may provide food in the form of fruit, seeds, or roots; and also provides firewood, medicines, fibres, etc. 

(i) Neem (Azadirachta indicd)— Used as insect repellent, antibiotic, firewood and windbreaks.

(ii) Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)— Used for food, purified water (juice from inside the coconut), roof thatching, firewood, shade and rope making.

Characteristics of a modem landfill include: 

1. Methods to contain leachate such as lining clay or plastic liners. 

2. Compaction and covering of the waste to prevent it from being blown by wind.

3. Installation of a landfill gas extraction system to extract the gas for use in generation of power.

(i) Biomagnification

(ii) High concentrations of DDT disturb, calcium metabolism in birds, which causes thinning of eggshell and their premature breaking, eventually causing decline in bird populations.

(iii) Yes.

(iv) Yes, it increases the BOD.

(v) Disease caused by eating fish found in water contaminated with industrial waste having mercury is Minamata disease. Cd pollution associated with disease is called “Itai-Itai”. Arsenic (As) poisoning causes "Black foot disease".

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. Also to manipulate, analyse, manage and present spacial or geographic data.

(a) Mitigaes groundwater quality

(d) Environmental Impact Assessment

1. A healthier environment 

2. Maintenance of biodiversity 

3. Decreased resource usage 

4. Reduction in gas emission and environment damage

Water hyacinth growth is due to eutrophication . (Mineral enrichment of a pond leading to aging process) . This stops DO for aquatic life killing aquatic organisms which when decompose in reduce O₂ atmosphere produce foul smell. Removal of this weed will keep the aquatic life surviving ,foul smell stops coming ,pond watercan be used and will have aesthetic value also. Concern about environment , awareness , critical thinking ,leadership.

Holy , perennial river flowing through of our country , necessary for irrigation,source of drinking water . 

Stoppage of sewage water disposal in Ganga ,dumping of industrial wastes, burning of dead bodies .

Particulate pollutants inhaled deep into the lungs cause irritation, inflammation, damage to the lungs, and premature death.

i. A number of organisms will die that are sensitive to high temperature. 

ii. Hot water will reduce oxygen content of water and thus increased BOD will affect the aquatic animals.

i. Soil erosion 

ii. Global warming.

The excessive growth of algae (free-floating) that causes colouration of water bodies is called algal bloom.

Six harmful effects of noise on human population are: 

a. Sleeplessness 

b. Stress 

c. Increased rate of heartbeat and hypertension 

d. Breathing problems 

e. Damage of ear drums impairing hearing ability permanently. 

f. Gastric problems—nausea 

g. Emotional disturbance

Catalytic converter

(d) wet acid deposition

(d) Decreased O₂ content

(c) 1 – a, 2 – b,  3 – c,  4 – d

1. Natural aging of a lake by nutrient enrichment of its water.

2. Bio magnification, also known as bio amplification or biological magnification, is any concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

3. The level of ground water is falling day by day due to high demand in urban areas as well as in agriculture. Due to over use of surface water, people rely on ground water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use.

About 85% of rural water supply and more than 50% of urban and industrial supply is mined. This results in depletion of ground water. Ground water can be replenished by

1. Rain water harvesting 

2. Reduction in consumption and waste.

BOD is Bio logical oxygen demand which is measure of the oxygen required by aerobic decomposers for the degradation of biodegradable organic matters in the water bodies.
If BOD is higher, it indicates the high level of organic matter and viceversa.

• The main pollutants in sewage, industrial wastes and agricultural run off are nitrates and phosphorus.
• These pollutants stimulates the growth of algae which leads to the depletion of oxygen in water bodies, causes the death of aquatic organisms.
• Other toxic substances flowing into the lake can kill all the fishes and other animals in the water.
• Due to the decomposition of these bodies the oxygen level further decreases in the water body
• Ultimately this leads to the death of the lake.

i. Allows the catalytic convertor to remain active. 

ii. Reduces air pollution.

Advantages:

• There is no need of use of chemical fertilizers for crops.
• Cattle excreta are used as manure. 
• Crop waste used to create compost, which can be used as a natural fertilizer or can be used to generate natural gas for energy need.