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Correct option is: (c) 3-4 weeks

1. False. Prediction maps are prepared twice in every 24 hours.

2. False. The first prediction of monsoon in India was made my H.F. Blanford.

3. False. H.F. Blanford used the snowfall in Himalayas as a parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.

4. False. In Holistic model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on monsoon.

5. True.

Correct option is: (c) 10 lakh years

1. The tradition of forecasting the monsoon season in India is older than 100 years. 

2. After the famine of 1877, H.F. Blanford, the founder of IMD had made such a prediction for the first time taking the snowfall in the Himalayas as a parameter for this prediction. 

3. In the decade of the 1930’s, the then director of IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker had underlined the relationship between various worldwide climatic factors and the Indian monsoon and based on available observations and previous recordings related to this relationship, he put forth a hypothesis regarding the nature of the monsoon.

4. With the initiative of Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar in the decade of the 1990’s, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed. This model was in use from 1990 to 2002. 

5. Presently, new models are being developed at IITM. Work is in progress at two levels, namely designing new models and developing new technology.

6. The main focus is on the development of the radar system and satellite technology.

Life and Resuscitation – ‘ABC’ is the Basic Principle of first aid which is provided to the victims of disaster.

1. Airway: If the victim has difficulty in breathing, the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open. 

2. Breathing: If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation. 

3. Circulation: If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice,

• Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects environment, humans and animals. 
• Plastic waste is excessively generated as plastic is inexpensive and durable. 
• Plastic is slow to degrade. It takes around 10 lakh years for certain plastic bags to degrade. 
• Plastic waste affects land and water. It also affects the health of animals, cattle unknowingly ingest these plastic bags leading to stomach cancer in them. 
• Plastic also releases toxic chemicals which are carcinogenic to human.
• To avoid plastic waste, cloth bags should be used instead of plastic bags. Plastic articles should be recycled.

(i) non-degradable waste cannot be easily degraded because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques. 

(ii) Therefore, non-degradable waste should be recycled so that it does not accumulate and cause hazards to the environment.

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial processes or activities. 
• There is a huge variety of industries producing different types of materials and articles. All of these use raw materials and give out a lot of waste. 
• There are hundreds of mines which extract copper, silver, gold, iron, coal etc. Huge quantities of waste are produced while processing them. 
• Cement industries give out solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. 
• While refining crude oil, a lot of poisonous gaseous and liquid wastes are produced. 
• Construction units produce huge quantities of waste stones, pebbles, broken bricks, wood waste etc. Mostly they are dumped in landfills. 
• It also includes chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metal, etc. given out from mining, textile, construction, chemical industries.

Domestic waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste, urban waste, radioactive waste and mining waste are the different things included in solid waste.

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc. 
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium. 
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil. 
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water. 
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

(1) Sound Pollution (Control and Prevention) Rule – 2000.

(2) Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule – 1998.

The waste materials generated through the various daily human activities are called solid waste.

Contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem is called as pollution.

Harmful effects of solid waste:

• Effect on biodiversity. 
• Releases bad odour. 
• Produces toxic gases. 
• Leads to degradation of natural beauty. 
• Leads to pollution of air, water and soil. 
• Spreads diseases.

(1) Endangered Species – Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican. 

(2) Rare Species – Red panda, Musk deer.

Necessity of solid waste management:

• For preventing environmental pollution and to keep the surroundings clean.
• For energy as well as fertilizer production and through that to generate work and employment opportunities.
• To reduce the strain on natural resources through treatment of solid waste.
• To improve the health and quality of life and to maintain environmental balance.

Forecasts about different weather related factors such as cloud cover, rain, snowfall, wind speed and temperature are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani.

Correct option is: (d) All of these

(1) Physical, chemical and biological factors together form – Environment.

(2) The science of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors – Ecology.

(1) Climate 

(2) 1700 tons solid waste 

(3) Dry solid waste 

(4) Japan 

(5) 5 months 

(6) 200-250 years 

(7) Infinite duration

Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called Urban waste.

Correct option is: (c) Mathematical model

(1) Basic functional unit in the environment – Ecosystem.

(2) Different types of living organisms – Biodiversity.

Correct option is: (a) Climate

1. As a responsible citizen we can contribute by educating the people about all the precautions to be taken when such a calamity occurs.

2. We can also contribute by minimizing the occurrence of natural calamity like flood by taking measure to reduce land pollution, proper disposing waste material and recycling them.

3. We can plan to be safe by keeping the following things handy-torch, first-aid kit, ample food supply and water storage, emergency numbers list and extra pair of clothes.

Thus by taking appropriate measures, we can be safe from calamities

The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly. 

2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms. 

3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.

4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors. 

5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust. 

6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil. 

7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

• Air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, construction, mining and agriculture. 
• Water pollution is caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste water released into the water bodies. 
• Soil pollution is caused due to industrial wastes, domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, biomedical waste and pesticides.
• Noise pollution is caused by machines, vehicular traffic, loudspeakers and household appliances.

The waste materials can be classified as biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.

• Climate plays a very important role in our day to day life. 
• It influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. 
• Climate is especially important for an agrarian country like India. Also climatic factors like direction and speed of the winds, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. are also considered during construction work.
• The science of meteorology helps in predicting climatic conditions by satellites in different ways such as prediction of rainfall, air pollution, dust storms, hot and cold waves tsunamic etc.
• so that all the citizens are well-equipped beforehand and can take preventive measures.