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At present time, population is at a continuous rise. The feeling of accumulating things is rigidly employed among people. As a result of this, reckless cutting of forests is taking place. In order to fulfill his requirements, obtain agricultural land, obtain land for housing purposes of the ever increasing population or for public works done by the government, mankind is cutting trees recklessly, due to which, environmental pollution is on a rise and biodiversity is depleting.

Some wild animals are on the verge of extinction due to which natural balance is deteriorating. As a result of this, changes such as increase in temperature, increase in sea water level, lack of rainfall, climate changes are taking place. Therefore, it is required that steps should be immediately taken for conservation of forests.

Highlands are the symbol of mountainous environment. Temperature is found to be less in high mountainous regions, because along with increase in height, temperature continues to decline. Snow is also present at places of extreme height.

Mountainous regions are the origin place of rivers. Due to steep slope, rivers flow here at extreme velocity and form waterfalls in their way. There is absence of leveled land in mountainous regions. People build their houses in parts with lesser slope. Mountainous slopes are cut to form terrace-shaped farms on which, vegetables in lesser amount and tea and fruit plantations are found. Agricultural work is almost negligible in high mountainous regions, so the residents of these regions are engaged in occupations associated with forestry and animal husbandry.

Amazon Basin is a representative area of humid region. Rainfall takes place in these regions around the year. Various types of trees-plants and animals are found in the forests. The climate is sultry here. Swampy land is also found here. These types of regions are unfavorable with human health point of view.

When rivers flow down into the plains from the mountainous regions, they bring along a lot of soil with them from upper regions due to their velocity and deposit it in the plains. Along with this, various types of carbonic substances and dust of minerals are also deposited along with the soil due to which this soil becomes extremely fertile.

(a) The Arctic Ocean

The environment is mainly formed due to the mutual coordination of natural and man-made components. Both of these have been complimentary to each other. But at present time, due to mankind being extremely ambitious, he is insensibly exploiting the natural resources in an extreme manner, due to which, environmental pollution and deforestation have taken place and otir natural heritage has been destroyed and this process continues even today due to which various environmental problems have emerged in the entire world. These are known as environmental stress.

Desert is of two types – hot desert and cold desert. 

Following are the major differences between both of them:

1. Sandy plains are found in hot desert and temperature is more there, while cold desert is the region led with snow and temperature remains less than 0° there. 

2. Thorny bushes are found in hot desert regions, while lack of trees is noticed in cold desert regions. 

3. Cow, ox, camel, goat, pony, etc. are reared in hot desert regions, while ‘yak’ is the major animal to be reared in cold desert regions.

Due to lack of rainfall in desert regions, Rohida and Khejadi trees are found here. Mostly, thorny bushes are found here, which have pointed and needled leaves. These plants adapt themselves to spines according to the environment there. The process of vaporization takes place in the pointed parts. In order to sustain the life of plants, thick leaves retain abundant amount of moisture in them. Small thorny bushes of her, nagfani, dandathor, khair and various types of cactus, keekar and babool are included in vegetation of the desert regions.

Forest areas and grasslands are two different environmental regions. 

Following are the major differences between them:

The Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan, so sandy soil is found at most places here. At various places, dunes of sandy soil are formed by winds. Along with this, these dunes are transported from one place to another and various types of shapes are formed by sand. Thus, Rajasthan is called as the ‘Land of Sand Dunes’.

Environmental regions are those exclusive places, which have similarity in some specific conditions. Due to the similarity of these exclusive conditions, the environment of one region is different from the others.

Environmental conditions of various regions situated on the earth’s surface are different. Due to this variation in environmental conditions, the earth’s surface has been divided into various environmental regions.

Environmental regions are such large regions where similarity is found between the environmental conditions and components i.e. there is similarity in climate, soil, vegetation, etc. All these components collectively form such an exclusive region which is different from the nearby land parts.

We reside in the plains and come under lowlands or low altitude lands, where there is even land, fertile soil and most of the population over here is dependent upon agriculture. Animal husbandry is conducted as an allied occupation for their use in agriculture and in order to fulfill our own needs.

1. Rainfall is less here 

2. Here, vegetation is found in the form of thorny bushes.

On the basis of temperature, our earth has been divided into the following temperate zones:

1. Hot zone or Torrid Zone – Hot zone expands in both the hemispheres between 0° to 23 1/2° latitudes. 

Following are the major characteristics of this zone:

• Sunrays fall directly, especially perpendicular, on all the regions, at least once in a year. 
• Climatic change is almost negligible here. Same climate is there, both in summer and winter.

2. Temperate zone – This zone expands in both the hemispheres between 23 1/2° to 66 1/2° latitudes.

Following are the major characteristics of this zone: 

• The sun is never on the head here. 
• Difference between the day. and the night increases. Four seasons occur heresummer, winter, autumn and spring.

3. Cold zone – This zone expands in both the hemispheres between 66 1/2° to 90° latitudes up till the North and South Pole. 

Following are the major characteristics of this temperate zone: 

• These are the coldest regions. Temperature is less than 0° for most of the time. On the poles here, 6 months have days and six months have night. 
• Due to rigid climate, very less population resides here.

Various types of plants and trees are found nearby us. Mango, mahua, neem, sheesham, banyan, peepal, etc. are the major ones among them. Trees are of special importance for human life. Under direct benefits, fodder for animals, wood for fuel, wood for construction of houses, etc. are obtained, and along with this, in indirect form, they free the environment from the pollution and build a healthy environment. Precious oxygen is derived from them which is life-giving for the living beings and they also attract rainfall and protect soil erosion.

(d) Occupations

Following is the difference between the environment of the hot zone and the cold zone:

Human being is the product of his own environment. His working, his thinking and his way of living life adapts to the environment in which he fives. His education and knowledge is also influenced by the type of environment. Environment also influences the residence type of mankind, his eating habits, physical structure and culture etc.

1. f

2. a 

3. e 

4. b 

5. c 

6. d

Answer is: (c) Eurasia

1. decreases 

2. variations 

3. man-made 

4. diversified 

5. forest region

The sunrays fall directly on the Equator, so temperature is found to be more in regions around it, while due to the sunrays falling slanting upon the poles, excessive cold is experienced there.

Mainly Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Nigeria, Ghana, Ecuador, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, etc. are included in hot zone.

(a) In hot zone

Grazing lands are those places where sheep, goats, cows, etc. animals are reared. Such grazing lands and grasslands are known by different names in different countries. In North America, they are called Prairies and in Europe and Asia they are called Steppes.

Answer is: (a) Highlands

Hot zone is found in low latitudes, temperate zone is found in mid latitudes and cold zone is found in high latitudes.

(c) Amazon Basin

Following is the difference between plains formed by rivers and sandy plains:

Following are the reasons for people living in high altitude regions being more dependent on animal husbandry:

1. Uneven and excessively sloped land is found in these parts. 

2. High mountainous regions are significantly colder. 

3. Unfavorable conditions are present in these regions.

Himalayas in northern India, Nilgiri and Annamalai hills in southern India, hilly areas in north-eastern India are major examples of highland environment.

Mediterranean Africa, South – East Asia and land parts of South America are major regions which represent forest region.

Ganga – Yamuna plains, Brahmaputra plains, Satluj – Indus plains, Ghagghar plains, Chambal, Banas and Mahi plains are included in these plain regions.

Poles are present on both the edges of the earth. Arctic Sea is present on the North Pole and Antarctica continent is present on the South Pole. Sunrays fall slanting on the poles, so the quantity of solar heat is always less here, due to which they remain covered with snow for the entire year. There is lack of vegetation here. Eskimos tribal people reside here in such rigid geographical conditions. They build small houses made of snow and heat them from inside and live there. These houses are called ‘Igloo’. Fishing is their main occupation and way of earning livelihood. Seal, walrus and polar bear are also found here.