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Mostly, bats live in caves. Caves provide them protection during the day from most predators and the temperature here is very stable. Apart from caves, bats also live in trees, hollowed logs and rock crevices. They are extremely important to humans as they reduce insect population and help to pollinate plants.

Bats are active at night. This is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. Their thin, black wing membrane (Patagium) may cause excessive heat absorption during the day. This may lead to dehydration.

Uses for recycled water: Agriculture, Landscape, Public parks, Golf course irrigation, Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, Toilet flushing, Dust control and Construction activities.

IUCN is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources The vision of IUCN is ‘A just world that values and conserves nature’.

(a) photosynthesis

(d) carbon dioxide

• When washing dishes, don’t let the tap be open. Fill one sink with wash water and another with rinse water.
• Adjust sprinklers so that only the plants are watered.
• Install rainwater tanks.
• Use hose water once a week to clean the driveway and sidewal
• Be sure to turn off the tap while not in use.

Biosphere is the part of the earth where life exists. 

All resources of biosphere can be grouped into two major categories namely:

1. Biotic or living factors which include plants, animals and all other living organisms. 

2. Abiotic or non-living factors which include all factors like temperature, pressure, water, soil, air and sunlight which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce.

(b) abiotic factors

Water cycle or hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water on earth. In this process, water moves from one reservoir to another, from river to ocean or from ocean to the atmosphere by processes such as evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff and infiltration, during which water converts itself to various forms like liquid, solid and vapour.

• Evaporation: Water evaporates from the surface of the earth and water bodies such as the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds and rivers turn into water vapour.
• Sublimation: Ice sheets and ice caps from north and south poles, and icecaps on mountains get converted into water vapour directly, without converting into liquid.
• Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapour to atmosphere through small pores in leaves and stems.
• Condensation: At higher altitudes, the temperature is low. The water vapour present there condenses to form very tiny particles of water droplets. These particles come close together to form clouds and fog.
• Precipitation: Due to change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as precipitation(rain). Precipitation includes drizzle, rain, snow and hail.
• Runoff: As the water pours down, it runs over the surface of earth. Runoff water combines to form channels, rivers, lakes and ends up into seas and oceans.
• Infiltration: Some of the precipitated water moves deep into the soil. Then it moves down and increases the groundwater level.
• Percolation: Some of the precipitated water flows through soil and porous or fractured rock. Infiltration and percolation are two related but different processes describing the movement of water through soil.

1. (b) Ammonification 

2. (d) Denitrification 

3. (a) Nitrogen fixation 

4. (c) Nitrification

(a) evaporation

1. False

Correct statement: Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen and contains about 78% nitrogen.

2. False

Correct statement: The roots of mesophytes are well developed and are provided with root caps.

3. True

4. False

Correct statement: Bats use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes.

5. False

Correct statement: Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome hot and dry condition.

(a) Evaporation

Importance of water conservation:

• It creates more efficient use of water resources.
• It ensures that we have enough usable water.
• It helps in decreasing water pollution. 
• It helps in increasing energy saving.

(c) precipitation

Burning fossil fuels, application of nitrogen based fertilizers and other activities can increase the amount of biologically available nitrogen in an ecosystem.

Carbon occurs in various forms on earth. Charcoal, diamond and graphite are elemental forms of carbon. Combined forms of carbon include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonate salts. All living organisms are made up of carbon containing molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of photosynthesis to form carbohydrates.

From plants, it is passed on to herbivores and carnivores. During respiration, plants and animals release carbon into atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere through decomposition of dead organic matter, burning fossil fuels and volcanic activities. Contribution of carbon to the atmosphere could be reduced by aforestation and lesser use of fossil fuels.

(b) biotic factors

Hydrophytes face certain challenges in their habitat. 

They are:

1. Availability of more water than needed.

2. Water current may damage the plant body. 

3. Water levels may change regularly. 

4. Maintain buoyancy in water.

(d) Condensation

The conditions that leads to adaptation of plants in a dry habitat are;

1. To absorb as much water as they can get from the surroundings. 

2. To retain water in their organs for very long time. 

3. To reduce the transpiration rate. 

4. To reduce consumption of water.

Adaptations of xerophytes: 

1. They have well-developed roots. Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available as in Calotropis. 

2. They store water in succulent water-storing parenchymatous tissues, e.g. Opuntia, Aloe vera. 

3. They have small-sized leaves with waxy coating, e.g. Acacia. In some plants, leaves are modified into spines, e.g. Opuntia. 

4. Some of the xerophytes complete their life cycle within a very short period when sufficient moisture is available.

Xerophytes are the type of plants that grow deep roots so as to reach the water source as they exist in a dry habitat.

All farmers may not be able to constmct a pond in their fields as they occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

(c) secondary treatment

(d) straight and branched stems

Stream-lined bodies helps them to live in narrow burrows underground and for easy penetration into the soil.

Setae help the earthworm to move through the soil and provide anchor in the burrows. Therefore these are considered to be adaptaions of earthworm.

(a) Hibernation

(c) Stream-lined body