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1. The industrial revolution started in England around 1750 and soon factory production spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany which had large reserves of coal and other minerals took lead in developing new industries. – 

2. However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries. 

3. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas. 

4. Industrialization also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries. 

5. Thus they relied less on the agriculture of their countries for their food requirements and raw material requirements. 

6. Hence Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries. 

7. Initially, this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa, and America. 

8. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.

Answer is (B) 2 only

It is because most of Europe has advantage of warm ocean currents coming north from tropics. There is little interaction with colder air masses and colder ocean currents so overall. Europe remains warmer than Alaska and Northern Canada.

Indian agriculture is quite different from European agriculture. 

1. Seasons: In our country, we have three seasons winter, summer, and rain. 

2. In Europe, they have four seasons winter, spring, summer, and autumn.

Agricultural seasons:

1. In our country, we have two agricultural seasons Rabi and Kharif mean winter and monsoon. Crops are grown nearly eight to 10 months a year. 

2. Summer is the season of agriculture in Europe. There is no need for irrigation as the occasional showers are sufficient for the crops. The cultivation is possible only for 6 to 7 months. 

3. A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture. 

4. In India as much as 55% of the land is cultivable.

Spain and France.

(A) Trade winds

(B) Westerlies

The Westerlies, which blow throughout the year also bring ample moisture to Northern and Western Europe. Since these winds blow from the sea they carry a lot of moisture and regularly cause rainfall. This is why it rains throughout the year in Northern and Western Europe. While it rains only for a few months in our country, there are light showers all around the year in Western Europe. The skies there are usually clouded. While we, in India, eagerly await cool showers, the people of Western Europe long for bright sunny days.

Western Europe also benefits in other ways from the Gulf Streams. The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials ic’- the fishes. As a result, the fishery industry is very well developed in the North Sea near Britain. This part of the North Sea is called ‘Dogger Bank’. Fish is an important part of the food of the Europeans and fishing is a very important industry in Europe.

Tundra : A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia and North America in which the sub soil is permanently frozen. 

Taiga : Taiga is the largest terrestrail biome on earth: It extends in a broad band across Europe, North America and Asia to the Southern border of the arctic tundra. Steppes : A large area of flat unforested grassland in South¬East Europe or Siberia.

The wildlife of tundra specially reindeer has wonderfully adopted to the extreme cold. lts thick hair protects it from the cold. lts long flat hoofs are suited for walking over snow and for digging in the snow to look for buried vegetation.

(D) bright sunny days

Softwood trees such as pine, fir, and spruce are found in the taiga belt. 

True.

(C) the fishery industry in the North Sea near Britain

Answer is (C) autumn

Mixed forests consist of grass, moss, softwood trees, hardwood trees, and thorny vegetation.

False.

(A) Australia

(B) Bay of Biscay

(D) Westerlies

1. (A) Polder

2. (C) Holland

Answer is (A) winter

The ships of those times had sailed to harness wind power. They sailed with ease with the winds blowing westwards towards America. These winds blow westwards taking ships from Europe to America. These were not the Westerlies, which blew towards Europe. These were different winds, which blew from the south of Europe towards the southwest direction. They blew throughout the year and took ships from southwest Europe to the east coast of America. These winds are called ‘Trade Winds’.

(B) Because they help in the movement of ships

Coastal areas; Mediterranean countries.

The Mediterranean climate is very good for growing juicy fruits. Thus regions with a Mediterranean climate are famous for their fruits. Fruits like olives, figs, grapes, oranges, etc., are grown extensively in southern Europe.

(C) 500 years

(B) the Volga

(A) the Volga

“Polders Agriculture” is done in Holland.

1. Mont Blanc (4,807 m), Mt. Elbrus (5,642 m) 

2. Volga, Danube, Rhine 

3. Lake Ladoga in Russia, Vanem, Vattern and Malaren in Sweden. 

4. The Alps, Sierra-Nevada. 

5. Spain and Portugal.

As the lands are very fertile and good for agriculture, so it is most densely populated.

(D) Second smallest

(B) the Mediterranean

Answer is (C) 3

Danube and Rhine.

France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, etc.

(A) from westward to North America

False. 

Wild cats and large fur-bearing animals are found in Tundra region.

Answer is (B) 500

2. the temperate zone

Factors Affecting the Climate of Europe : 

Latitude — Most of Europe lies within the temperate latitudes, which are neither too hot nor too cold. Only a small part of the continent lies north of the Arctic Circle in the frigid zone. 

Nearness to Water Bodies — Except for eastern Europe, all other parts of Europe are close to the sea. There are oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, straits, and even lakes which have a moderating effect on the climate.

Relief Features — The east-west arrangement of most highlands, especially the Alps, allows the rain-bearing winds to enter places in the interior and cause rainfall there.

 Ocean Currents — The warm North Atlantic Drift helps to keep parts of western Europe warm. The ports here are open for trade even in winter. 

Winds — The South-Westerlies that blow across the North Atlantic Ocean towards Europe are warmed as they pass over the North Atlantic Drift. These warm winds from sea to land pick up moisture and cause rainfall, which decreases eastwards. They also help to raise the winter temperatures of coastal and central European countries.

(a) east to west — Winters and summers are more severe in the east than in the west. The annual rainfall is highest in the west and decreases steadily eastwards. 

(b) north to south — North European countries experience longer, colder winters and shorter, cooler summers than south European countries.

3. North Atlantic Drift

1. Besides its distance from the Equator, the climate of Europe is influenced by another factor – the Atlantic Ocean and the winds blowing from it. 

2. This impact is felt more by the regions along the Atlantic Ocean than the ones which are far inland. 

3. In the winters it is quite cold in Western Europe but it is even colder in Eastern Europe, 

4. Thus countries like Poland and Russia have severe winters while France and Great Britain are comparatively warmer. 

5. Russians winters are so cold that the rivers and even the nearby seas freeze 

6. However, this does not happen in the countries of West Europe along the sea coast. 

7. This difference must be because of the nearness of Western Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.

(C) Both A & B

Western part.

Ocean currents : The warm North Atlantic Drift helps to keep parts of western Europe warm. The ports here are open for trade even in winter. 

Winds : The South-Westerlies that blow across the North Atlantic Ocean towards Europe are warmed as they pass over the North Atlantic Drift. These warm winds from sea to land pick up moisture and cause rainfall, which decreases eastwards. They also help to raise the winter temperatures of coastal and central European countries.

(B) Westerlies

a) Switzerland.

b) The Caucasus.

c) Norway, Sweden, and Russia.

d) Yes, a ship can sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The route is – the Black Sea to waters between Turkey and Bulgaria → to the Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean

Europe has four dominant types of climate-maritime in the south and mountain in the lands. The maritime climate has moderate temperatures in both summer and winter. 

The climate of western Europe is far more moderate due to the marine

influences of the relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift, which are brought onshore by the prevailing Westerly winds. The major air pressure systems include the Icelandic. low, dominant in winter but influential all year, which is the origin of cyclonic storms. So impact in the changing weather conditions in western and northern Europe.

The North Atlantic drift brings warmer weather to Europe. Temperatures on the European continent are about 15°F warmer than other areas of the same latitude.

Moscow – Moscow is the capital of Russia and is situated on atributary ofthe Oka River which joins the river Volga. The city has a dozen rail routes and the terminus of the Trans- Siberian Railway. Moscow is a great administrative centre as well as the centre of a large industrial region. Red Square is the heart of Moscow. On one side ofthe Red Square are the colourful onion-domes of Saint Basil’s Cathedral erected by a Russian master architect in the 16th century. On the other side is the tomb of Lenin.’ Also located in Moscow is the Kremlin, an incredible complex which encloses the offices of the Russian Government, palaces, churches, and towers. There are over 100 museums in Moscow.