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The correct answer is (c) VASOPRESSIN

Easy explanation: Another NAME for ADH or the antidiuretic hormone is vasopressin. It is RELEASED from the PITUITARY gland. The functions of ADH or vasopressin include prevention of diuresis and increasing blood pressure.

Right choice is (c) A decrease in blood pressure

Explanation: More sodium IONS in the URINE or fewer POTASSIUM ions in the urine can lead to a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume. This can be DUE to the hyposecretion of Aldosterone.

The correct choice is (B) Inner parts of medulla

The BEST explanation: The COLLECTING duct is a long duct which extends from the cortex of the KIDNEY to the inner parts of the medulla. LARGE amounts of water can also be reabsorbed through this segment.

The CORRECT answer is (B) Diabetes INSIPIDUS

To explain I would say: Hyposecretion of Anti-diuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus, i.e., urine without glucose. Hyposecretion of aldosterone causes Addison’s disease which is CHARACTERIZED by the darkening of the skin.

Correct choice is (d) Cortex

To elaborate: Cortex is mainly responsible for the formation of columns of BERTINI. The portion of the cortex which EXTENDS in between the medullary pyramids as renal columns FORM the columns of Bertini. The medulla region of the kidney is DIVIDED into a few conical masses called medullary pyramids which PROJECT into the calyces.

Right ANSWER is (a) Squamous epithelium

Easiest EXPLANATION: The outer layer of the BOWMAN’s capsule is lined by the squamous epithelium while the inner layer has podocytes with filtration slits. Transitional epithelium is present in ureters, renal PELVIS, and urinary bladder.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Urea

The EXPLANATION: In ureotelic ORGANISMS, ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and released into the BLOOD which is filtered and EXCRETED out by the kidneys.

Correct option is (c) Renin

Easiest explanation: A FALL in the GFR or the glomerular FILTRATION rate leads to the release of renin from the kidney. Renin CONVERTS the INACTIVE angiotensinogen PRESENT in blood to its active form, angiotensin I.

Right answer is (c) ACCUMULATION of urea in the blood

The explanation is: MALFUNCTIONING of kidneys can LEAD to the accumulation of urea in blood, a CONDITION known as uraemia, which is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure.

The correct ANSWER is (a) RENIN

To elaborate: A fall in the GFR can activate the JG cells to produce renin which CONVERTS angiotensinogen in the blood to ANGIOTENSIN I and further to angiotensin II which is a powerful vasoconstrictor itself and increases the GFR.

Correct choice is (a) When blood FLOWS in the OPPOSITE direction in two limbs of the Henle’s LOOP

To explain I would say: As the flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions, therefore it forms a counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of the vasa RECTA is ALSO in a counter-current pattern.

Correct answer is (b) False

The explanation is: The osmotic GRADIENT is mainly caused by NaCl and urea. NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of HENLE’s LOOP which is exchanged with the DESCENDING limb of the vasa recta.

Correct choice is (d) Heart

The BEST explanation: Other than kidneys, LUNGS, liver, and skin also HELPS in the elimination of excretory wastes. Our lungs remove large amounts of CO2 and also significant QUANTITIES of water EVERY day.

Correct answer is (b) Urea

Easiest explanation: In the last SEGMENT of the collecting duct, urea goes into the interstitial fluid, and there enters to ascending Henle’s loop which further comes to the interstitial fluid by collecting tubule and duct making the WHOLE collecting duct PERMEABLE for water and thus making the URINE hypertonic.

Correct option is (d) Glucose

The BEST I can explain: During urine formation, the tubular CELLS secrete substances like H^+, K^+ and ammonia into the FILTRATE in the proximal CONVOLUTED tubule and the distal convoluted tubule.

The CORRECT choice is (C) Carbon dioxide

For explanation I would say: Ammonia, urea, and uric ACID are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes EXCRETED by the animals. These substances have to be removed totally or partially from the body.

The correct answer is (c) No ultrafiltration

Easy EXPLANATION: The afferent arteriole is a FINE branch of the renal artery which has ha wider lumen than the EFFERENT arteriole which carries blood away from the glomerulus. If the afferent arteriole diameter is LESS than the efferent arteriole, then ultrafiltration is not possible.

Correct CHOICE is (a) Bowman’s capsule

Explanation: The renal tubule, Bowman’s capsule ENCLOSES the glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule is a double-walled cup-like structure. Glomerulus along with Bowman’s capsule is called a Malpighian body. The inner wall of Bowman’s capsule CONSISTS of a SPECIAL type of cells KNOWN as podocytes.

The correct choice is (c) Renal calculi

Easiest explanation: Diabetes mellitus is due to the deficiency of insulin due to which the glucose LEVEL increases in the BLOOD. The SYMPTOMS include Ketonuria, glycosuria, polyuria, POLYPHAGIA, and POLYDIPSIA.

Correct option is (b) DCT

To ELABORATE: CONDITIONAL reabsorption of sodium ions and water takes place in the DISTAL CONVOLUTED tubule. This segment is also CAPABLE of the reabsorption of HCO3^– ions.

The correct choice is (b) Glucose

Easiest EXPLANATION: Glucose is reabsorbed completely in the PCT by ACTIVE transport. 70-80% of water is reabsorbed by osmosis while 70% sodium, potassium, and calcium ions are actively TRANSPORTED.

The correct answer is (b) 180 LITRES PER DAY

Easiest explanation: GFR in a healthy individual is approximately about 125 ml per minute, i.e., 180 litres per day. Although, the amount of URINE secreted by a healthy individual differs significantly and is only about 1.5 litre per day.

The correct answer is (d) Oblique opening of ureters

For EXPLANATION I WOULD say: Both the ureters that emerge out of the kidneys, open through SEPARATE oblique OPENINGS into the URINARY bladder. The oblique openings of these ureters prevent the backflow of urine.

Right CHOICE is (a) Flatworms

To EXPLAIN: Flame cells are also known as PROTONEPHRIDIA. These are the EXCRETORY structures of flatworms like planaria, rotifers, some annelids and some CEPHALOCHORDATES like the Amphioxus. Flame cells are the primitive forms of nephridia.

The correct choice is (d) Urea

The BEST explanation: KIDNEY stones or renal calculi is due to the formation of calcium oxalate which results in 60% of the kidney stones, calcium carbonate which results in 30% of the kidney stones and uric ACID which results in 10-20% of the kidney stones.

Right OPTION is (c) It allows the molecules based on their concentration gradient

To EXPLAIN I WOULD say: The porous MEMBRANE of the cellophane tube of the dialysing unit allows the passage or movement of molecules, based on their concentration gradient. As NITROGENOUS wastes are not present in the dialysing fluid, therefore these wastes passively move out from our blood and hence filtering it.

Right answer is (a) Nitrogenous WASTES

The best explanation: Nitrogenous wastes are not present in the dialysing fluid. The dialysing UNIT after the addition of an anticoagulant LIKE heparin CONTAINS a COILED cellophane tube surrounded by a fluid which proteins, electrolytes and glucose (almost same as that of the plasma) except for the fact that it does not have nitrogenous wastes.

Right ANSWER is (a) Collecting duct

For explanation I would SAY: Through the collecting duct, LARGE amounts of water can be reabsorbed to produce concentrated URINE. This segment also allows the passage of small amounts of urea into the medullary INTERSTITIUM to keep up the osmolarity.

Correct option is (d) H^+

Easiest explanation: NEARLY all the ESSENTIAL nutrients, 70-80% of electrolytes and WATER are reabsorbed by this SEGMENT. ABSORPTION of HCO3^– also takes place here.

The correct choice is (a) 75-80%

To explain: CORTICAL NEPHRONS constitute for about 75-80% of the total nephrons present in the kidneys. These nephrons have reduced Henle’s loop and vasa RECTA. SOMETIMES both of them MAY be absent.

Right OPTION is (d) INTERSTITIAL PRESSURE and renal pressure

Explanation: CHP or Capsular HYDROSTATIC pressure consists of Interstitial pressure and renal pressure. Both of these PRESSURES act opposite to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Correct option is (d) Excretion

Easy explanation: Urine formation involves three main processes namely, glomerular FILTRATION, reabsorption, and secretion, that take place in DIFFERENT PARTS of the NEPHRON.

Right answer is (c) 1100-1200 ml

To EXPLAIN: On average, our kidneys FILTER 1100-1200 ml of blood every minute. This blood that is filtered PER minute constitutes for about 1/5^th of the total blood pumped out by each ventricle of the HEART in a minute. THEREFORE, we can say that the whole blood of our body gets filtered in approximately 5 minutes.

The correct answer is (a) Animals which cannot CHANGE their body osmolarity

To explain: Osmoregulators are the animals that cannot change their body osmolarity ACCORDING to their EXTERNAL environment. They cannot tolerate a wide RANGE of salinity.

Right choice is (b) Between the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra

Easy explanation: Kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped structures situated between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the ABDOMINAL cavity.

Right choice is (a) Diabetes mellitus

Explanation: Analysis of urine helps in the CLINICAL diagnosis of many METABOLIC DISORDERS. For example, the presence of GLUCOSE or Glycosuria and ketone bodies or Ketonuria in urine is indicative of diabetes mellitus.

Right ANSWER is (a) Heart

For explanation I would say: An increase in BLOOD flow to the atria of the heart can CAUSE the RELEASE of Atrial Natriuretic factor or ANF which CAUSES vasodilation and therefore decreases the blood pressure.

The CORRECT choice is (d) Aldosterone

Explanation: Aldosterone is SECRETED by the adrenal cortex and is ALSO known as the salt retaining hormone because its MAIN function is the REABSORPTION of NaCl in blood and excretion of potassium ions in the blood.

Right OPTION is (a) It GETS dilute

The best I can explain: As the ascending limb is impermeable to water, THEREFORE as the CONCENTRATED filtrate from the descending limb passes upwards, then it gets diluted due to the passage of ELECTROLYTES to the medullary fluid.

Correct CHOICE is (a) Substances which increase the URINE formation

The explanation is: DIURETICS are substances that produce more urine output. These INCLUDE tea, alcohol, coffee, etc. These substances suppress the RELEASE of anti-diuretic hormone.

The correct choice is (a) Juxtaglomerular apparatus

The explanation is: JGA stands for Juxtaglomerular apparatus. The kidneys have built-in mechanisms for the regulation of glomerular FILTRATION rate. ONE such efficient MECHANISM is CARRIED out by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Right answer is (b) False

To explain: In the majority of NEPHRONS, the LOOP of Henle is too short and EXTENDS to a very little extent into the medulla. Such nephrons are CALLED cortical nephrons.