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The correct choice is (d) coverage of distance

Explanation: Civilian aircraft MAINLY FOCUSES on distance coverage. Civilian aircraft looks for making profit by managing fuel consumption. This is because it doesn’t need to PERFORM any attacking maneuvers. A civilian aircraft is more preferred when it GIVES guaranteed SAFETY for the passengers and also by offering luxury facilities.

Right answer is (c) high altitude and COVER LONG distance

The EXPLANATION: The purpose of surveillance aircraft is to maintain high altitude and cover an estimated distance of flight in the GIVEN period of time. A surveillance aircraft doesn’t need to perform any kind of maneuvering or attack other AIRCRAFTS.

The CORRECT option is (b) False

The explanation is: A military aircraft is not designed to be luxurious and entertaining. Military aircraft mainly FOCUSES on military MANEUVERS. A military aircraft is generally preferred to maintain high ALTITUDE and perform various military maneuvers at higher altitudes.

Correct choice is (a) True

To elaborate: There are two types of mission profiles. They are civilian mission PROFILE and military mission profile. A civilian mission profile focuses on FUEL CONSUMPTION and DISTANCE COVERED whereas a military mission profile focuses on endurance and speed.

The correct answer is (a) Short take-off and LANDING

The best I can explain: The FULL form of STOL is Short take-off and landing. STOL must also be able to stop WITHIN 1,500 feet after crossing a 50-foot obstacle on landing. This kind of landing is HELPFUL in harsh landing.

Correct option is (c) CONVECTIONAL take-off and landing

To EXPLAIN: The full FORM of CTOL is Convectional take-off and landing. These aircrafts take-off and land involving the use of runway. PASSENGER aircraft come under this category.

Correct answer is (c) Fuel used when in EMERGENCY

The EXPLANATION: The fuel used while the flight is in emergency is known as reserves. Minimum reserves are usually set by the regulatory authorities although the operator MAY INCREASE them at his/her choice.

Right ANSWER is (a) Decrease in climb performance

To explain I would say: There will be a decrease in climb performance with INCREASE in high density ALTITUDE. On increase of altitude there would be a decrease in density which RESULTS in decrease in power output of engine and airfoil efficiency, as a result there will be a decrease in climb increase performance.

The correct choice is (a) Take-off → climb → cruise → descent → landing

The best explanation: The stages of mission profile of a commercial aircraft are Take-off → climb → cruise → descent → landing. An aircraft firstly take-off from ground at the initial AIRPORT. At an altitude of 50 foot it STARTS CLIMBING to higher altitudes, NEXT it starts to cruise to some DESIGNATED distance and later it starts descending to lower altitude. Finally at an altitude of 50 foot above the ground the aircraft starts landing in the destination airport.

Correct choice is (a) Prediction of capabilities of the AIRCRAFT

The EXPLANATION: Performance ESTIMATION involves the prediction of the capabilities of the aircraft from the consideration of its aerodynamic design, POWERPLANT and operating ENVIRONMENT. It is applied to design, modification and supplement.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Validation of performance data

For explanation I would SAY: Performance estimation is applied in fields of design of a NEW type of aircraft, modification of an existing aircraft type in RESPECT to design changes affecting its aerodynamic characteristics and to supplement or extend the full-scale measured performance of an aircraft type for conditions outside those already ESTABLISHED.

Right choice is (a) True

To elaborate: The elimination process will include an assumption of the environmental conditions of the ATMOSPHERE in which the aircraft will operate. Since the atmosphere is a very variable MEDIUM in that its pressure and temperature VARY with HEIGHT and also with geographical location and time. Performance estimation is based on assumption of International Standard Atmosphere (ISA).

Right ANSWER is (a) Linearized Model of the Temperature Atmosphere

Easiest explanation: International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a linearized model of the temperature atmosphere. It represents the mean GLOBAL atmosphere state with respect to seasonal changes and latitude and is used as the BASIS for aircraft DESIGN.

Correct choice is (a) True

Explanation: Alternative MODELS of ISA are design ATMOSPHERES. These represent the aircraft performance at hotter or COLDER CLIMATES depending on tropical or arctic regions which help in performance ESTIMATION.

Right answer is (C) Airworthiness requirement

Best explanation: Airworthiness requirement is the important factor to be SATISFIED during performance estimation. Airworthiness is the measure of an aircraft’s suitability for safe flight. Certification of airworthiness is conferred by a certificate of airworthiness from the state of aircraft registry national aviation authority, and is maintained by PERFORMING the required MAINTENANCE actions.

The correct OPTION is (a) True

The best explanation: Performance is the initial design phase. Performance MEASUREMENT is the testing phase and operational performance COVERS the certification of the aircraft and the PROVISION of validated operating data.

The correct choice is (a) Weight, Altitude, Temperature

The explanation is: WAT stands for Weight, Altitude, Temperature. Data measured in FLIGHT are measured under the arbitrary WAT conditions existing at the time. The flight –measured data will NEED to be processed to conform to SPECIFIC combinations of WAT for the construction of the performance MANUAL.

Correct option is (a) True

Best explanation: ODM stands for Operating Data MANUAL. Operating Data Manual (ODM) contains the information on the performance of the AIRCRAFT needed by the OPERATOR for flight PLANNING above the ground.

The correct option is (B) Operating DATA MANUAL

For EXPLANATION: ODM stands for Operating Data Manual. Operating Data Manual (ODM) contains the information on the performance of the AIRCRAFT needed by the operator for flight planning above the ground.

The correct answer is (d) Validation of PERFORMANCE DATA

Easy EXPLANATION: Performance measurement is the process of verification of aircraft estimations in design performance, to demonstrate that the aircraft can satisfy the safety criteria set down in the airworthiness requirements, to provide VALIDATED performance data for the performance section of the FLIGHT manual.

Correct choice is (b) Aviation Performance Measuring SYSTEM

The best explanation: APMS stands for Aviation Performance Measuring System. APMS is an ADVANCED software analysis tool used in flight-data analyses. It is mostly preferred for safety and to INCREASE fight RELIABILITY.

The correct option is (C) Federal Aviation Administration

The explanation: FAA stands for Federal Aviation Administration. FAA is a national aviation agency of the US. This was formed after the formation of ICAO in the early 1970’s. The functions of FAA is to LOOK after the safety, AIR traffic and follow the FIVE degrees of freedom.

The correct choice is (b) Aircraft FLIGHT Manual

To explain I would say: AFM stands for Aircraft Flight Manual. It is also known as PILOT’s Operating Handbook (POH). It CONTAINS the operating data such as climb, take-off and RANGE data of the aircraft. Few changes had to be done by the user or check for those variations to make the data USEFUL.

The correct CHOICE is (d) American INSTITUTE of Aeronautics and ASTRONAUTICS

The explanation is: AIAA is the ACRONYM for American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA follows the National Defense Authorization ACT. AIAA is made up of 85 countries and 95 corporate members. It is associated with the US nation.

Correct option is (a) True

Easy explanation: FACTORS that the affect aircraft performance during take-off are mass of the aircraft during take-off, air DENSITY, temperature and runway conditions. The speed of WIND and FLAP SETTING and airframe contamination are the other factors that affect the aircraft performance during take-off.

Correct choice is (a) Maximum PERMISSIBLE Take-Off Weight

Easiest explanation: MTOW stands for Maximum permissible Take-Off Weight.MTOWis the maximum weight of an aircraft at which a PILOT is allowed to take-off the aircraft. This is caused due to structural LIMITS of the aircrafts.

Correct answer is (a) True

For EXPLANATION: The basic requirements for SAFE flight are that the space required for the aircraft to maneuver should NEVER exceed the space available this is because if the space is insufficient for the aircraft to perform a maneuver then there may be a failure of the aircraft DUE to this aircraft getting hindered by some factor.

The correct answer is (a) The performance of an aircraft which is related to the aircraft above ground LEVEL

For explanation I WOULD say: Operational performance of an aircraft is the performance of an aircraft which is related to the aircraft above ground level. It includes aircraft CRUISE angle, altitude, temperature, ENGINE failure, FUEL management and also take-off performances.

Correct option is (a) True

Explanation: Aircraft weight is the only CONTROLLABLE variable that can be used to ensure that space required for the maneuver doesn’t exceed the space available. As a rule of aircraft PERFORMANCE the space required for an aircraft to maneuver must be ALWAYS less than the space available. As a result the aircraft weight much be checked to avoid complications that OCCUR due to space required being more than space available.

The correct option is (b) 138600

Easy EXPLANATION: The ANSWER is 138600. Given number of passengers travelling = 130, seating capacity=140 and a YIELD of 7.9. We know that AVAILABLE seats kilometer=number of seats available*DISTANCE travelled.

On substituting the values

Available seats kilometer=130*990

Available seats kilometer=128700.

The correct answer is (b) The maximum weight of an aircraft at which a pilot is allowed to ATTEMPT to take-off the aircraft

The explanation is: MTOW STANDS for Maximum permissible Take-Off Weight.MTOW is the maximum weight of an aircraft at which a pilot is allowed to take-off the aircraft. This is CAUSED due to structural limits of the AIRCRAFTS.

The correct answer is (B) 92.86%

Best explanation: The answer is 92.86%. Given number of PASSENGERS travelling = 130, seating capacity=140 and a yield of 7.9.

We know percentage LOAD factor=\(\frac{no. \, of \, passengers \,travelling*distance \,travelled}{no. \,of \, seats*distance \, travelled}\) x 100%

On substituting the VALUES,

Load factor=\(\frac{130*990}{140*990}\) x 100%

Load factor=92.86%.

Correct option is (b) 1016730

To explain I would say: The answer is 1016730. GIVEN number of passengers travelling = 130, seating capacity=140 and a yield of 7.9. We know that passenger revenue=Revenue passenger kilometers*yield where Revenue passenger kilometers=number of passengers travelling*DISTANCE travelled.

On SUBSTITUTING the values

Revenue passenger kilometers=130*990

Revenue passenger kilometers=128700

On substituting revenue passenger kilometers in passenger revenue formula

Passenger revenue=128700*7.9.