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a) India is a unique position to grow almost every possible crop. It is the land of producing a variety of cereals like paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize and ragi, pulses, spices, fruits, vegetables, oil seeds, fibre crops etc.

b) India is an agricultural country and people derive their livelihood from agriculture. Agriculture is the back bone of Indian economy.

c) Rice, pulses, banana, vegetables and leafy vegetables 

a) Country: 

India 

b) State: 

Andhra Pradesh 

c) Your village: 

Khajipalem

d) Nearly 120 days.

e) The time peirod for all the crops are not same. They are different from one crop to another.

f) Rice and Wheat.

Mostly all plants will grow.

They get water, mineral and sunlight equally when they are replanted at proper distance.

The crop plant like Rice, wheat etc.

We get hot climate from February onwards. It is suitable for maturing the grains. That is the reason wheat is cultivated in the Rabi season only.

There are different stages in sprouting of the soaked rice seeds before it is planted.

If moisture is there in paddy grains it helps to develop moulds (fungi). Such grains neither germinate nor suitable to eat.

The two main crops seasons in India are:

1. Kharif season: The rainy season is from July to October and is known as the Kharif Season. The chief kharif crops are the milles, known as Bajra and Jowar, Paddy, Maize, Cotton.

2. Rabi season: The winter season is from November to April and is known as rabi season. Wheat, Gram, Peas, Linseed and Mustard are important rabi crops.

Before growing crops ploughing the soil properly is necessary.

Advantages:

1. Ploughing loosens the soil and it helps in easier transportation of air and water. 

2. Water is stored deeply for a long time as the soil is soft. 

3. Roots penetrate in the deep and can respire well as the air enters easily into the soil.

4. Friendly microorganisms and earthworms can grow well when the soil is soft. 

5. Some foe microorganisms die due to the sun rays.

The climate, (the temperature, humidity with abundance of water supply) will be suitable in Kharif season

Paddy, wheat and maize

1. Generally the fields have a lot of ups and downs even after ploughing. So a leveller is used for levelling the soil. 

2. By levelling the soil, it becomes flattened, water and nutrients can be reached to every part of the land. It also helps in sowing seeds and planting.

3. Because Ramaiah’s field is flattened, he will get more produce than Somaiah.

1. In agriculture pests damage the crops. Almost all crops are generally effected by pests.

2. Wheat, Paddy and suagarcane are generally affected by fungal diseases. Groundnut is affected by Tikka disease. The catterpillars of spotted brown boll worm and Pinkish boll worm affect the crop. 

3. A wide variety of agricultural and garden pesticides are available. A few derived from neem tobacco and chrysanthemum (Chamanthi) are less dangerous to other living organisms. 

4. A wide variety of inorganic and organic pesticides are commonly used D.D.T. (Dichloro diphenoxy Trichloro ethane) BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride), Chlordane, Endrin, Aldrin, Endosulfan and Diazinon pesticides are usually dusted or sprayed on crops or put in the soil. 

5. But pesticides should not use unwisely. They get into the bodies of plants and animals in the soil and water. When these plants are eaten by animals like fish the pesticide get into their bodies. 

6. A bird that eat the fish might get a concentrated lethal dose. 

7. D.D.T. also accumulate in the egg shells, weakening them and making the shells break before hatching. It is observed D.D.T. is present in the milk of buffaloes and cows. 

8. In this way pesticides are passed down the food chain and accumulate in the bodies of higher animals including human beings causing sickness and sometimes death.

1. The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as Kharif in the months of June to October. 

2. If we cultivate wheat crop in the month of July it takes 8 – 10 weeks for growing. 

3. After that flowering will take place. By that time, it would be October. 

4. Then the night duration extends more than 12 hours. Wheat plants flowering takes place only in long night durations. 

5. Crop production is based on the flowering of plant. If flowering of plant is more, the crop production also is more. 

6. Wheat is important cereal crop gained a lot through Green Revolution by developing high yielding hybrid strains.

1. Farmers in our state generally purchase seeds in the nearby market. The grains that are available in the packets play vital role in agriculture. 

2. Sometimes the rate of germination of the seeds is not up to the mark, which was labelled on the packet. 

3. Sometimes never germinate too.

4. At times, seeds grow into plants but they be sterile. 

5. And sometimes the crop may be attacked by the larva of spotted brown boll-worm and pinkish boll-worms. 

6. The larva of brown catter pillar sucks the juice from the leaves. The buds and the fruits of cotton plants drop off from the infected plants. 

7. The larva of pinkish boll worm of cotton make hole in the stem, flower buds, flowers and fruits. As a result flower buds, cotton bolls drop off. 

8. May be these reasons Rajendar did not get sufficient yield.

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer method / (MOET) is involved in improving success rate of production of desired hybrid and herd size of cattle.

4. groundnut is not a cereal.

(a) Plant breeding is the science of changing the genetics of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. Plant breeding can be done through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation. 

Classical plant breeding uses : 

(i) Deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties with desirable properties. 

(ii) In-vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion, mutagenic. 

(b) Mutagenic agents such as radiation and certain chemicals, are used to induce mutations and generate genetic variations from which desired mutants may be selected. Treatment with mutagens alters genes or breaks chromosomes. Gene mutation occurs naturally as errors in DNA replication, e.g., a mutant of paddy rice. 

(c) Plant breeding helps in increased food production by :

(1) Development of high-yielding crops. 

(2) Improved management practices. 

(3) Provisions of genetically derived better seed germplasm. Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats is the most practical means to improve public health. 

Examples of crop plants with enhanced nutritional qualities and which have been developed by IARI New Delhi are :

(i) Golden maize : This is a hybrid variety which is rich in amino acids lysine and tryptophan' 

(ii) Wheat variety Atlas-60 : It is protein rich variety. 

(iii) Golden rice : It is iron rich fortified variety of rice.

Two species (Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum) were crossed to get sugarcane varieties with high yield/thick stem/high content/ ability to grow in North India.

Detailed Answer: 

(i) Saccharum barberi was originally grown in north India, but had pool sugar content and yield. 

(ii) Saccharum officinarum,, which used to be grown in South India, had thicker stems and higher sugar contents. However, it did not grow well in North India. 

(iii) These two species were crossed to get sugar cane varieties with the desirable qualities of high yield, thick stems, high sugar and ability to grow in the sugar called areas of North India. 

(iv) This breeding experiment helped in the growth of the sugar industry in north lndia.

Tissue culture using meristematic tissue as it is virus free.

Detailed Answer : The technique identified is the tissue culture or micropropagation. With the help of this technique the healthy plants from the virus infected disease ones can be recovered because the meristems remains virus free. Such virus free meristems from the infected plants are removed and grown invitro to obtain plants which are virus free and healthy.

Healthy potato plants can be obtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected by the method of tissue culture. The apical and axillary meristems of the infected plant is virus free. Hence, they can be removed and grown in vitro to obtain healthy potato plants. This is one of the applications of tissue culture.

For producing disease resistant plants are 

(i) Screening of germplasm (for resistance source) 

(ii) Hybridization of selected parents 

(iii) Selection and evaluation of hybrids 

(iv) Testing and release oi new varieties

Detailed Answer: 

The important steps involved in conventional plant breeding technology are : 

(a) Selection of parent plants with desired combination of characters. 

(b) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents. 

(c) Selection of superior hybrids. 

(d) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars.

Humus in the soil improve the soil structure resists soil erosion, retains water and enriches the nutrients and ensures increased food production. Therefore farmers enhance the amount of hums in their farmland. 

Farmers enhance the amount of humus in their farmland by following methods: 

1. Adding fresh organic matter such as dead plants, animal material and animal droppings. 

2. Adding organic manure such as compost. 

3. Soil organisms transform there organic matter in to humus.

The increasing competition for water in urban areas and for energy uses will lesser what is now available for agriculture, s we should find ways for conserving water used in agriculture. So it is better to make use of rain water and know at present 80 percent of globally cultivated land is done with rained farming, accounting for 60 percent of world food production.

We can make agriculture more eco-friendly by the following ways: 

1. Limiting farmland expansion 

2. Preserving biodiversity 

3. Reducing greenhouse gases 

4. Conserving water 

5. Protecting soil.

1. Organic manures. 

• organic manures supply both nutrient and humus to the soil. 
• may not provide all the nutrients on required quantity. 
• farmers cannot choose according to their requirements. 
•  Bind loose soil increase their water holding capacity, aeration which improves merebial activity.
•  Do not cause soil or water pollution.

2. Chemical fertilizers 

• The chemical fertilizers supply only nutrients to the soil. 
• It provide all the nutrient in specific ration readily usable form. 
• Farmers can choose according to their requirement. 
• Have the tendency to accumulate and alter the soil characteristic which harm soil fauna. 
• Cause soil and water pollution.

Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating crops and raising live stock.

The role of soil in the agriculture are: 

1. Crops take up their requirement such as water and minerals through the medium of soil 

2. It also provides anchorage for crops. 

3. It is the primary nutrient reservoir for plants. 

4. Thus, agriculture highlight the role of soil in the production of food.

Natural and human factors contribute to the depletion of soil. This makes the soil increasingly less productive and renders agriculture unsustainable.

The advantages of organic farming are: 

1. These are eco-friendly agricultural products which do not harm health. 

2. Bio magnification due to pesticides and fungicides can be prevented. 

3. Water and soil pollution can be avoided since the organic manures are bio-degradable. 

4. Soil productivity can be maintained.

The two major uses of soil productivity are. 

1. Identification of the ways and prevention of loss of nutrient in the soil. 

2. Taking steps to maintain and restore soil fertility.

The advantages of mixed cropping are: 

1. Deficiency in single nutrient is not happening since crops utilize soil nutrients more evenly and no extensive use of any single nutrient. 

2. Gives security for farming community against failure. 

3. Secures the family requirement of cereals pulses, oil seeds and fooder simultaneously.

Organic farming is an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity. If I were to have a piece of agricultural land, I will opt for organic farming because it maintains soil fertility.

The Techniques are: 

1. Control erosion of top soil 

2. Maintain the water balance  and regulate soil temperature 

3. Improve the soil structure and maintain a stock of organic matter.

The advantages of crop rotations are: 

1. helps to increase the soil fertility 

2. crop rotation help to prevent the loss of nutrients. 

3. crop rotation gives higher protection against soil erosion. 

4. crop that grow closely together greatly help in preventing soil erosion. 

5. by increasing the nitrogen content by rhizobium bacteria present in legume. 

6. prevent the loss of nutrient since it gives protection to soil erosion. 

7. extensive use of same nutrient can be prevented.

The presence of organic matter in the soil is fundamental to soil productivity, wide spread use of decomposed organic matter maintains and improves soil fertility. Organic manures bind loose soil, increase their water holding power help in aeration, assist in penetration of roots, add plant nutrients and increase microbial activity that are helpful for crops.

The living organic which acts and fertilizers and enrich the soil are called bio-fertilizers. 

Ex: Rhizobium, Azotobacter, azolla, Nitrobacter and phoswastika.

Cultivation of one or two subsidiary crops together with one main crop in the same land is called mixed cropping. 

Eg . growing potatoes, vegetables in addition to crops like paddy maize, jowar or bajra.

The advantages of Bio – Fertilizers are: 

1. Increase soil fertility 

2. It promotes plant growth 

3. Safe guard the quality of crop products 

4. Rhizobium, blue green algae help to mobilize phosphorous. 

5. Avoid soil and water pollution due to excess.

6. The decomposition is more intense in a heap and cover it with a layer of soil. 

7. Sprinkle water over the heap to keep the matter moist go on heaping layer after layer untill the pit is full. 

8. Keep adding water after each heap. 

9. Microbes break up the organic matter in to simple forms. 

10. Adding earthworms also enriches the manure.

Apis indica is the most common species.

Growing different crops at different season but on the same piece of land in a regular of chemical fertilizers.

Two classes of irrigation systems are gravity – flow distribution pressurized – distribution.

By using animal dung and organic waste we can make an organic manure called Compost.

Honey is a sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers. It consists of water, sugar, minerals and enzymes.

Inbreeding increases homozygocity. It is the mating of related individuals  of the same breed for 4-6 generations

(Bee pastures of) wild shrub, fruit orchards, cultivated crop.

Detailed Answer 

Apiculture (Bee Keeping) can be practised in any area where there are sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs, fruits orchards and cultivated crops. Most common variety that is reared for this purpose is Apic indica.

Silkworm or silkmoth.

(i) Honey (ii) Bee wax

Fresh water fishes : Rohu, Catla, Corps. Marine Water Fishes: Hilsa, Sardine, Pomfret.

Ivory is obtained from elephant teeth. Pearls are obtained from oyster shells. Lac is obtained from lac insect.