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Bhagat singh was the first Indian to give the call ‘Inquilab Zindabad’

• a​​​​​​On 13th April 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place.
• The Security officer at Amritsar, General Dyer was responsible for this.

Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi fought in the First War of Independence.

Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal King, who participated in the first war of Independence.

Mangal Panday was an Indian soldier in the Barackpore regiment.

The immediate cause of the 1857 revolt was the introduction of a new kind of gun, the Enfield rifle, into the army.

Though the struggle failed, it created a long lasting effect. 

• The rule of East India company ended and the Queen of Britain took over the reign of lndia. 
• It further led to the rise of the Modern National Movement.

1. Rule of law 

2. British 

3. Indians 

4. Soldiers 

5. 1857-58

• Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier in Barackpore, in Meerut. 
• A rumour spread that pig and cow fat were used on the paper covering of the Enfield Rifles. 
• He refused to use the fat- smeared cartridge and killed a British officer in broad daylight. 
• The British killed him.

In Karnataka, Mundargi Bhima Rao, the hunters of Halagali, Venkatappa Nayaka of Surapura and Baba Saheb of Nargund were the prominent leaders of the revolt.

• The British conquests and deliberate aggression deeply hurt the sentiments of the ruling class and the common people. 
• The Doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse rendered many kings and Nawabs helpless eg., Satara, Jhansi, Oudh etc.,
• The Moghul king, Bahadur Shah, had been reduced to a king only in name. 
• The pension of some kings had been withheld. The princely titles were cancelled.

• To bring together and forge friendship among all the political activists in various parts of the country. 
• To promote National harmony. 
• To place the demands of the people in front of the government and to shape public opinion. 
• To develop nationalism in the place of provincialism.

Fearless crusaders like Mangal Pandey, Laxmibai, Hazrat Mahal and others, became inspiration for the next generation of leaders.

They were Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Khudiram Bose, Chandrashekar Azad and Bhagat Singh.

The prominent leaders of the Moderates were Dadabhai Naoroji, Suendranath Bannerjee, Gopala Krishna Gokale, Mahadev Govind Ranade etc.,

• British believed that they were supreme and considered Indians the most uncivilized. 
• All the higher posts in administration were reserved only for the British. This created unanimity among the Indians.

• Some foreign scholars like Max Muller, Cunningham etc, through their study enabled Indians to know about the historical, cultural heritage of India. 
• It was confirmed to the Indians that the heritage of India was in no way inferior to that of greek or Rome

• The British were worried on observing the feelings of nationalism become intense in Bengal. 
• To crab the nationalist frevor, Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal on the basis of religion and separate the Hindus and Muslims.

Tilak organised Shivaji Jayanthi and Ganesha festival to bring Indians together.

• It was due to the struggle of the moderates that the Indians could enter the legislative assemblies. 
• It was their attempts which revealed that the British were the reason for India’s poverty.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak proclaimed ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have ‘it ’

After the ‘Revolt of 1857’, the British queen took over the administration of India, ending the rule of the East India Company.

Laxmibai revolted against the British protesting against the Doctrine of Lapse.

• After the death of Gangadhar Rao, Laxmibai became the Queen of Jhansi. 
• The British refused to accept her adopted son as heir to the throne and annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of lapse. 
• Laxmibai revolted against the British protesting against the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. 
• The queen fought bravely and died in the battle field. 
• She was the bravest among the mutineers..

Diwakara Deekshit and Balajai Deshpande of Sindagi in Raichur revolted against the British Raichur.

According to this Act, a father had no right to disinherit the son who had got converted to another religion, from ancestral property.

Sangoli Rayanna continued the revolt in Kittur after the Queen’s death.