Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

It is a fruit which splits into a number of indehiscent units called mericarp.

It developsfrom a monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary It resembles to legume but it dehisces from one suture only, e.g. Delphinium, Calotropis, Plumeria, Larkspur etc.

Sorosis: The fruit is produced from the entire spike, catkin or spadix inflorescence in which the flowers fuse by their succulent perianth (tepals). The inflorescence axis becomes fleshy or woody and forms a compact mass e.g., Jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Mulberry (Morns indica). In Pine apple the perianth as well as the axis bearing flowers and the bracts become fleshy and succulent and form the edible part of it. In Mulberry – edible part is fleshy perianth.

Siliqua and Silicula.

Aggregate Fruit develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary in which all carpels ripe together and are aggregated as a unit on a common receptacle while multiple fruit develop from the complete inflorescence together with its component parts.

Ripened ovule is called seed.

Pome: A fleshy false fruit which develops from fleshy thalamus. The true fruit containing seeds remains inside develops from two or more carpels, syncarpous and inferior ovary. The edible part is fleshy thalamus, e.g., Apple (Pyrus mains). Pear (Pyrus communis), etc.

Pepo: A large fleshy fruit developing from a tricarpellary, syncarpous. unilocular and inferior ovary with parietal placentation. Seeds are embedded in the pulp, e.g.. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Water Melon (Citnillus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lcigenaria siceraria), etc.

The answer is (b) It burst by one suture only

Seed which has endosperm as reserve food material is called endospermic seed; e.g., Cator, Maize etc.

The answer is (b) Burst into many mericarp

In monocots seed only one cotyledon is found which called as scutellum.

The answer is Ovary.

The answer is (b) Syncarpous ovary

The answer is Spermology.

These fruits develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary in which all carpels ripe together and are aggregated as a unit on a common receptacle. Each fruitlet of an aggregate fruit represents a single ovary of any apocarpous pistil.The fruitlets of a group are collectively called as etaeno.

The answer is (d) Gram

Aleurone layer is protein rich in nature.

Monocotyledonous Seed: Maize (Corn), Wheat, Rice is some important monocotyledon seeds, contains one cotyledon as store food for germination of seed. Actually these all are caryopsis fruit not seed because in all these seed coat is fused with fruit wall. The com grain is a flat oblong structure which externally it shows a large yellowish upper are which marks the position of endosperm and on the lower side, there is a small whitish area which contains the embryo. The outer 2 / 3 part of grain is endospenn and 1 / 3 part of grain is made up of embryo. Hilum and  micropyle absent because it is fruit not seed. In longitudinal section of maize seed following structures are observed

1. Seed coat
2. Endospem
3. Embryo.

1. Seed coat:
It is found as a thin yellow layer around the seed which actually formed by fusion of pericarp and seed coat.

2. Endosperm:

It is endospemiic seed because in mature seed endospenn is present. It is upper flattened yellow or white part of which stores starch as food. Outer part of endospenn which is attached with seed coat is made up of protein only andcalled as Aleurone layer. Inner part of endosperm is starch rich..

3. Embryo:

A large lateral single cotyledon is present in it which is called as Scutellum. Surface of scutellum which is in contact with endosperm is called as Epithelial layer. Epithelium layer produces Gibberellins hormone for mobilizing food reserve of endospenn at the time of seed gemination.

Embryo consists of embryo axis. End of embryo axis towards broader end has plumule which has few rudimentary leaves. End of embryo axis towards pointed end has redicle which covered by root cap. Extension of scutellum which covers plumule is called as Coleoptile Extension of scutellum which covers redicle is called as Coleorhiza

1. Seed is a ripened ovule which is the result of fertilization.
2. Presence of seed is character of all spermatophyta, i.e. Gyumospenns and Angiosperm.
3. It contains the embryo or the miniature of plant body.
4. In gyumospenns no ovary exists so seeds are exposed while in angiosperms it is enclosed hi fruit.
5. Seeds of different plants vary in their size and shape. However, the general plan of structural organization remains almost the same.
6. A mature seed consists of two essential parts- the Seed coat and the embryo.
7. Every embryo has one embryonal axis and one (Wheat and Maize) or two (Gram, Pea) cotyledons.
8. Parts of a Seed: A mature seed consists of two essential parts- the Seed coat and the embryo

Seed Coat:

1. The outer covering of the seed is known a seed coat.
2. It develops from integuments of the ovule. Seed coat is made of two layers.
3. The outer layer is called testa and the inner layer is called tegmen.
4. The testa is hard and leathery whereas tegmen is thin and membranous.
5. The seed remains attached to the pericarp (ovary wall or fruit wall) by a short stalk called seed stalk or funiculus.
6. The mature seed shows a scar or mark in place of funiculus which is called hilum.
7. There is a small pore, called micropyle, which represents the micropyle of ovule.

Embryo:

1. The seed coat encloses an embryo which is differentiated into radicle, plumule and cotyledons.The radicle,
2. when elongates, gives rise to primary root whereas the plumule gives rise to aerial shoot.
3. The number of cotyledons or seed leaves may be one (as in monocotyledons) or two (as in dicotyledons).
4. Usually the cotyledonary’ leaves are different than the foliage leaves.
5. They store reserve food materials (e.g., Gram, Pea, Almond, Cashewnut, etc.) or serve as photosynthetic organs in young seedling,
6. The part of embryonic axis between the radicle and the point of attachment of cotyledons is called hypocotyl.
7. The part of embryonic axis between the plumule and the point of the attachment of cotyledons is called epicotyl. On the basis of number of cotyledons seed are of two type:

   Before Fertilization	After Fertilization
   1.Ovule	Seed
   2. Outer Seed coat	Testa
   3. Inner Seed coat	Tegmen
   4. Funicle	Destroy
   5. Nucellus	Destroy or forms Perisperm
   6. Egg cell	Embryo
   7. Synergids	Destroy
   8. Antipodal cells	Destroy

(a) Dicotyledonous seed
(b) Monocotyledonous seed

Dicotyledonous seed:

Gram, pea, castor and beans are main dicotyledon seeds, contains two cotyledons as store food which requires during germination of seed.
A typical dicotyledon seed has following structures in it:

1. Seed coat
2. Embryo
3. Endosperm

Seed coat: Seed coat of a seed has two sub layers. The outer one is though, hard which may be of different colours called as testa. Inner layer of seed coat is called as tegmen which is comparatively thin and white in colour. Every seed has a small pore opening in it which called as micropyle, near to micropyle a scar is also observed which is called as hilum. Hilum is the place where a seed remain attach with fruit.

2. Embryo: Every dicotyledon seed has a embryonal axis beneath seed coat. One end of embryonal axis is called as Plumule and other end is called Radicle. Plumule forms shoot while radicle forms root during germination of seed.

3. Endosprem: Endosperm is food storage site which forms after double fertilization of central cell of ovule
When endosperm is consumed during development of zygote into the embryo then in seed endosperm is absent but when endosperm not consumed completely then it is present in seed also.

In gram, pea and beans endospenn is present in initial stage of seed but later on it is consumed so mature seeds do not have endosperm in it. These seed are non endospermic seeds but in castor seed fleshy endosperm is present in mature seed so it is called as endospermic seed.

Dicotyledonous seed:

Gram, pea, castor and beans are main dicotyledon seeds, contains two cotyledons as store food which requires during germination of seed. A typical dicotyledon seed has following structures in it

1. Seed coat
2. Embryo
3. Endosperm

1. Seed coat: Seed coat of a seed has two sub layers. The outer one is though, hard which may be of different colours called as testa. Inner layer of seed coat is called as tegmen which is comparatively thin and white in colour. Every seed has a small pore opening in it which called as micropyle, near to micropyle a scar is also observed which is called as hilum. Hilum is the place where a seed remain attach with fruit.

2. Embryo: Every dicotyledon seed has a embryonal axis beneath seed coat. One end of embryonal axis is called as Plumule and other end is called Radicle. Plumule forms shoot while radicle forms root during germination of seed.

3. Endosprem: Endosperm is food storage site which forms after double fertilization of central cell of ovule.
When endosperm is consumed during development of zygote into the embryo then in seed endosperm is absent but when endosperm not consumed completely then it is present in seed also. In gram, pea and beans endospenn is present in initial stage of seed but later on it is consumed so mature seeds do not have endosperm in it. These seed are non endospermic seeds but in castor seed fleshy endosperm is present in mature seed so it is called as endospermic seed

1. It is an aggregate of drupes in which many small drupes are arranged on the flehy thalamus.
2. It is formed of apocarpous ovary; e.g..Blackberry (Rubus) Raspberry.

It is ripened ovary which forms fruit after fertilization.

The answer is Caryopsis.

These fruits develop from the complete inflorescence together with its component parts.

The answer is Thalamus.

These fruits have fleshy pericarp which is distinguished into three parts – the outer epicarp. middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp.

The answer is Mesocarp. 

The answer is  Pappus.