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(d) Right against exploitation

i. Quo Warranto

ii. Certiorari

iii. judicial

iv. 22

v. duties

Main directive principles promoting international peace and security.

 These are as follows : 

1. The state shall endeavour to promote international peace and security. 

2. The state shall maintain just and honourable relations between nations. 

3. The state shall foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another. 

4. The state shall encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

The system of conferring ‘titles’, was popular during that British rule in India. Titles like- Rai Bahadurs or Khan Bahadurs were meant for a peculiar class of aristocrats created by the British Government. As, these titles went against the principle of ‘equality of status’, therefore the Constitution abolished the old system of conferring ‘Titles’.

1. The Constitution has provided various Fundamental Rights to Indians.

2. These rights are utmost importance for overall development of the citizens.

3. No one can stop them from enjoying these rights.

4. To safeguard the citizens against exploitation and to make sure they are not deprived of these rights, the Constitution has given provisions to the citizens to go to the court in case of the violation of their Fundamental Rights.

1. Right to Constitution Remedies is not just a special right, also a very special feature of the Constitution.

2. This right empowers a citizen to go to the court in case he is deprived of any of his Fundamental Rights.

3. The court ensures full protection to the citizens by listening to their complaints and taking proper action.

4. Since a citizen can fight for any right that he is deprived of through the Right to Constitutional Remedies. Hence, this right is known as the ‘Soul of the Constitution’.

1. Under the Constitution, the State has got the right to make special arrangements for children.

2. Under this right, forcing children to work and forcing them into begging are considered punishable offence.

3. Similarly, making children below the age of 14 years work beyond their capacity and employing them in factories, mines, or other hazardous places is also considered exploitation.

4. To save children below 14 years of age from exploitation, the Constitution has made specific provisions of not allowing them to be employed for any hazardous work.

5. If the employer fails to follow this provision, it becomes a criminal offence under Abolition of Child Labour.

1. As per Fundamental Rights of the Constitution, all citizens enjoy this rights without any discrimination.

2. All citizens have right to equality.

3. All citizens are equal in the court of law. So, equal protection can be obtained of all laws.

4. Such discrimination cannot be kept in government jobs or entry in higher education.

5. Due to many inequality in India, big groups have to suffer loss.

6. So, each group of government has made special arrangements as an exception.

7. Therefore, Reserved seats are kept for weaker and backward section of the society.

1. As per Directive Principle and Fundamental Duty of a citizen, citizens should show compassion to all animals.

2. India is an agricultural country and cows is considered an economically important and holy animal of India.

3. Thus, we should not slaughter milch animals like cows.

1. The Constitution has provisions for preserving cultural and historical heritage of a country or people.

2. State has been provided with certain powers and guidelines to make sure that this heritage is maintained.

3. However, culture and history arise due to people. So, people form an integral part of it.

4. State alone cannot preserve do culture and history if the people not provide equal support.

5. Our existence is not possible without cultural and historical heritage.

6. Hence, it is the Fundamental Duty of every citizen to preserve cultural and national heritage.

1. Rights to freedom of religion provides religious freedom to all the citizens of India.

2. Any citizen can get admission in any educational institution run by the government without getting discriminated on the basis of religion, caste, creed or language.

3. None of the religion is ignored or given preference before the state.

4. Thus, there is no religious discrimination in educational institutions run by the government.

1. The Directive Principles provide guidelines to the state for creating a better society.

2. These are just guidelines and not rules. So the state is not bound to follow these principles.

3. With change in time and trends, the state may have to ignore the Directive Principles.

4. Hence, citizens cannot go to the court of law if any Directive Principle is not implemented by the state.

1. To rule a regime i. e., to run a government, Directive Principles help to establish political democracy in our Constitution.

2. However, political democracy cannot be achieved alone without social and economic democracy.

3. Hence, Directive Principles aim to establish a social system based on social, economic and political justice.

4. These principles reflect the kind of nation and society we wish to establish.

5. These principles incorporate rights that are required for the overall development of mankind.

6. Hence, looking at the aim of Directive Principles one can say that they serve as the foundation for the rule of regime.

1. India is a democratic country.

2. Each citizen of the country is given some Fundamental Rights by the Constitution.

3. Citizen enjoys these rights without any discrimination of caste, creed, sex, birthplace, income or education.

4. Each education system protects this Fundamental Rights of citizens.

5. Thus, Fundamental Rights are true identity of democratic system of the government.

Importance of Fundamental Rights:

1. Fundamental Rights allow human beings to live a dignified life.
2. These rights are stated in our Constitution and so they enjoy a legal status.
3. A democratic country allows its citizens to enjoy equal rights.
4. These rights give citizens freedom to express themselves.
5. Citizens enjoy these rights without any discrimination.
6. The Government and the Constitution protect these rights and see that people enjoy them.
7. These rights provide quality to citizens and protect them from several forms of exploitation.
8. They also provide certain types of freedom to the citizens. Freedom of speech and expression, freedom to move throughout India, settle in any part of country, follow any religion, etc. are all freedom that a person enjoys under Fundamental Rights.
9. These rights also allow one to continue and expand one’s culture.
10. Every citizen gets a right to obtain education, work in a clean, hygienic and safe environment, enter public places like parks, theaters, etc.
11. If a citizen does not get these rights then as per Right to Constitutional Remedies he can also go to the court to seek justice.
12. Thus, Fundamental Rights are extremely important for growth, development and prosperity of a nation and its citizens.

Our Fundamental Rights:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right of Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

1. The Directive Principles provide guidance to the state to march towards establishing equal, just and social order without any exploitation.

2. The Directive Principles provides a vision of future society.

3. They show us our direction and also our destination.

4. They guide the state to uplift the society and protect it.

5. Fundamental rights limit the state leadership while Directive Principles extend state leadership.

6. Fundamental Rights make possible the existence of democracy, while Directive Principles guide towards establishing inter-relations of democracy.

7. Thus, Directive Principle and Fundamental rights are not against each other instead they complete each other.

1. Establishment of proper political policies help a nation to administer its affairs efficiently. Efficient political policies demands developing efficient social as well as economic policies.

2. To develop social and economic policy for the prosperity of nation the citizens must be given certain important Fundamental Rights.

3. By providing these rights to the citizens the country can expect a high morale, better productivity and loyalty from them.

4. It will help to convert the vision of a prosperous nation seen through political policies.

5. Hence, Directive Principles of Political Policies are the pre-conditions for the utilization of Fundamental Rights.

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) serve as guidelines for the states and union as how they can administer the state in a rightful manner.

2. These principles reflect the kind of nation and society we wish to establish.

3. They talk about how the ideals presented in the Preamble can be implemented.

4. They incorporate rights that are required for the overall development of mankind.

5. They aim at attaining political, social and economic democracy.

6. To fulfil this aim the Directive Principles are bifurcated into various sections.

Those rights, which are necessary for every human being in order to achieve an around development are known as Fundamental Rights. 

There are six Fundamental Rights which have been incorporated in the Constitution:

1. Right to Equality:

1. The rights that consider every citizen ‘Equal before Law’ and provide ‘Equal protection of Law’ are called Rights to Equality.
2. This right ensures that citizens will not be discriminated on the basis of their caste, sex, race, grounds of religion, place of birth, etc. and will be treated equally.
3. However, there are certain provisions for women, scheduled castes, etc. so as to bring these segments of society inequality to the rest of the society.
4. To safeguard equality, the Constitution of India prohibits the State from granting any titles. Also citizens of India are not allowed to accept any titles from a foreign state.

2. Right to Freedom:

This Right to Freedom gives every individual the freedom:

1. of Speech and expression.
2. to assemble peacefully without arms.
3. to form associations of unions.
4. to move freely within the territory of India.
5. to live and settle in any part of India.
6. to practice any profession, business or occupation.

We live in a society and so we need to maintain its social structure. Hence, although these six freedoms are given to citizens they enjoy them with certain restrictions and limitations.

3. Rights against Exploitation:

1. This right safeguards women and children and others against exploitation of various forms.
2. This right ensure protection against any exploitation like forced labour, low wages compared to standard wages, working in unhygienic and unsafe environment, child labour, etc.
3. Under Right to Exploitation, one cannot be biased for carrying out state welfare works, military services, social services, etc. on the ground of their religion, caste, gender or creed.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion:

1. India does not have any national religion. Also it does not follow the ideals or principles of any particular religion.
2. The right to freedom against religion says that every person is equally permitted to enjoy the freedom his conscience permits and has the right to acknowledge, practice and spread his religion.
3. There are certain restrictions put on this right to maintain public law and order,
   morality and peace in the country.
4. People are free to conduct and run religious affairs. This included the freedom to establish and maintain charitable institutions to manage religious affairs and acquire and manage movable and immovable property for religious proposes without going against the law.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. These rights allow a person whether belonging to minority or majority to maintain its culture and obtain education about his culture and religion.
2. Under Cultural and Education Rights, any citizen can get admission in educational institution or a granted institution without getting discriminated on the ground of religion, caste, creed or language.
3. The Indian Constitution also states that religious and language minority groups will have the right to administer and start their own educational institution.
4. It also states that no minority, other than the ones suggested in the Article will have the right to establish any institution.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies:

1. Right to Constitutional Remedies is a special feature of our Constitution.
2. This right provides an opportunity to the citizens to approach court in case of violation of their Fundamental Right.
3. Dr. Ambedkar considered this right as the ‘Soul of the Constitution’.
4. In case any Fundamental Right of a person is violated, he can make use of right i.e., Right to Constitutional Remedies and seek justice from the court of law.
5. If the court finds that any Fundamental Right of a person is violated, it can issue a ‘writ’ i.e., a legal notice to the one who is depriving the person of this right.