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Correct choice is (a) MOUTH

Easy EXPLANATION: Stomach wash tubes are USED to flush out the stomach. This is done by sending in warm water or SALINE solution. The mouth or the nose is used as the access point and careful monitoring is done to ENSURE that the solution reaches the stomach and not the lungs.

Right choice is (b) 1.3

The best I can explain: The stomach produces ACID to destroy any HARMFUL substances and microbes that may enter the body through food. It also produces pepsin which STARTS the digestion of proteins. Pepsin REQUIRES an acidic medium to WORK. When the stomach is full, the acidity may fall to pH 4.

Right option is (b) Polyurethane

The explanation: Polyurethane can STAY in the body for longer periods of time without causing HARM to it. It is stable, NON reactive and does not corrode in the body. It provides good biocompatibility, flexibility, high endurance etc which makes it a good CHOICE for MAKING various medical equipment.

Right choice is (a) CARBON Di OXIDE

Best explanation: Carbon Di Oxide is colorless, non inflammable and non harmful to the body. Thus, it is often used for INSUFFLATION, especially in endoscopy. It allows a good view of the insides. Oxygen, helium, NITROUS oxide, XENON etc are also used for insufflation in other processes like anesthesia, nasal drug administration etc.

Right option is (b) G – tube site

The explanation is: The tube is INSERTED in the G – site of the STOMACH and may extend up to the jejunum of the small intestines. These tubes are used for enteral feeding and send the food directly to the stomach. This kind of food is given to patients who are unable to eat by themselves, for eg COMATOSE patients, geriatric population etc.

Right choice is (a) catheters

Explanation: Catheters are like small tubes which may or may not have a bifurcation. They have openings on both the ENDS. The catheter is placed at the access point and often FILLED with HEPARIN or other anticoagulants and sealed. When the access point needs to be used, a catheter is EASILY sent in. The CANNULA can be placed in the body for some period of time.

The correct option is (d) cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter

To explain I would say: The sphincters are basically a band of MUSCLES that REGULATE the opening and closing of any opening in the BODY. The sphincter muscles towards the ESOPHAGUS are CALLED the cardiac sphincter because they are close to the heart or the lower sphincter because it brings the food down. The opening towards the intestine is called the pylorus and the muscles guarding them are the pyloric sphincter.

The correct CHOICE is (d) Duodenum

For explanation: Fats are in the form of large globules and so because of their small surface AREA, they cannot be digested easily. When the food in the form of chyme enters the duodenum of the small intestine, it comes in contact with the BILE salts which break fat into smaller globules. The PANCREATIC juices contain enzymes for the DIGESTION of fats.

The correct answer is (a) Bronchoscopy

For explanation: Broncoscope is INSERTED in the body via the nasal passage and it used to image the respiratory tract. It has a very thin tube so that the patient feels minimal DISCOMFORT as the SCOPE goes down the track. A laryngoscope can be used to examine the larynx. It is inserted through the mouth and the direction of the scope is changed at the epiglottis. This ALLOWS the scope to LOOK at the larynx and not enter the GI tract.

The correct option is (a) Inflammation in the area

Explanation: When some external substance is placed in the body, the body tries to remove and reject it. If the body is UNABLE to BREAK down this FOREIGN substance, the WBCS that tried to get RID of this foreign substance accumulate in the area and cause inflammation.

Correct answer is (a) Appendix

To explain: In herbivores, especially like cows, the appendix produces ENZYMES that HELP in the digestion of cellulose, SOMETHING that the human stomach cant do. THUS, this is a vestigial organ that is present at the JUNCTION of the large and small intestine.

Correct choice is (d) The connection between artery and vein

Easy explanation: A fistula is also a disease but in this case, it is a connection between an artery and vein. It provides an access point for better withdrawal and injection of BLOOD, saline etc. It is surgically created by creating a SMALL LONGITUDINAL INCISION in an artery and vein facing each other and then they are joined together. This provides a better access point.

Right choice is (c) hepatic portal

For explanation I would say: The hepatic portal connects the small intestine and the liver. After FOOD has been digested by the intestines, the extracted nutrients and toxins MOVE to the liver to allow the liver to PURIFY the blood. The liver breaks down the toxic substances into less harmful substances and allows the blood to carry it AWAY to the kidney where it gets filtered out.

Correct option is (b) Mastication

To explain I would say: The chewing process is called as mastication. The incisors BIT and CUT, the canines rip, the PREMOLARS and molars chew. Since the molars and premolars are at the back of the mouth, they receive the most muscle and SKELETAL support. These teeth cause mastication.

Correct answer is (b) False

The best I can explain: Some PROCEDURES like laparoscopy and arthroscopy require a small cut to allows the devices to go in. Laparoscopy is DONE for the diaphragm and the organs in that region. It can help LOOK at KIDNEYS and the REPRODUCTIVE organs in women.

Correct choice is (a) Air insufflation while LISTENING to the stomach

To EXPLAIN I would say: Air insufflation is the process in which air is filled in the cavity and then the cavity is monitored. For stomach wash, the ABDOMINAL area is filled with air and then the stomach SOUNDS are HEARD. This ensures that the tube is in the correct place.

The correct option is (c) Peristalses

For explanation: After chewing, the tongue ROLLS the food in the FORM of a bolus and shifts the food to the oesophagus. The walls of the esophagus CONTRACT and relax and SLOWLY ALLOW the food to move down and enter the stomach. This allows the food to enter the stomach slowly and avoid and acid splash. This movement is peristalsis.

Correct option is (c) Infusion Pumps are used when a larger amount of medication has to be sent in while syringe pumps are used for SMALLER doses of medication

The BEST I can explain: Syringe pumps and infusion pumps are both used for the same job, injecting medicines, saline, drip or other substances in the BLOOD and body. Infusion pumps are used for injecting larger amounts of materials but in a regulated speed and volume while the syringe pumps are used to inject a lesser amount of materials but in a lesser volume. For EG, to send in medicines, it is better to USE syringe pumps but to send in parenteral nutrition, it is better to use infusion pumps.

Correct option is (a) Transesophagal Echocardiography

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: This is a type of Ultrasound of the heart where the ENDOSCOPE is SENDING through the oral cavity and placed close to the heart via the oesophagus. This helps in taking an unhindered ultrasound of the heart.

Correct option is (c) MALTOSE, maltase

To EXPLAIN: Maltose is a diasaccharide which is made of TWO molecules of glucose. Maltase is secreted by the SMALL intestine and it breaks down maltose into two glucose. Lactase breaks lactose into glucose and galactose while sucrase breaks SUCROSE into glucose and fructose.

Correct answer is (a) to remove poison

The EXPLANATION: Lavage is the term that is used for washing. Thus, stomach lavage means washing the stomach. When a person has been poisoned or has had an EXCESS INTAKE of alcohol or is preparing for a SURGERY, the stomach is cleaned out. Vomiting is a side effect of stomach lavage.

The correct CHOICE is (b) Arthroscopy

The best explanation: Arthroscopy is a process where the BONES are visualized and WORKED upon with the help of an endoscope. The soft parts of the knee like the cartilage or the synovial capsule cannot be properly visualized with an X-Ray so an ARTHROSCOPE is used to LOOK at them. The healing of the bones after a surgery can be monitored by the arthrocope. Small operations regarding the bones can be performed with the help of the arthroscope.

The correct ANSWER is (a) Renin

Explanation: Renin is the enzyme that helps in the digestion of milk in the infants. As the children grow up, the production of this enzyme GOES down and so it is not FOUND in ADULTS. Renin is found in all mammalian infants which feed on their mother’s milk.

The CORRECT choice is (c) enterocytes, micelles

Easiest explanation: The fats in their digested state consist of free fatty acids, monoglycerides, CHOLESTEROL and lysolipids. They cannot be absorbed directly by the enterocytes of the villi. Thus, the digested fats are encapsulated into small balls of bile which allow them to enter the villi and get absorbed by the enterocytes. These enterocytes have microvilli to allow better absorption. On entering the enterocytes, monoglycerides, cholesterol and lysolipids REACT with 2 units of Fatty acids to form these enter the lacteals, a part of the LYMPHATIC system.From here, they can enter blood as needed.

Right ANSWER is (a) villi

Easiest explanation: The INNER lining of the INTESTINES are lined with villi which help increase the surface area of absorption. These villi have blood and lymph SUPPLY and have MICROVILLI which further increase the surface area for absorption.

Right answer is (c) Pancreas

The best I can explain: Pancreas is ONE of the ORGANS which has both endocrine and EXOCRINE functions. The islets of Langerhans are dense clusters of cells which act as the endocrine systems of the pancreas. They produce various HORMONES for the regulation of GLUCOSE the most important one being insulin.

The correct CHOICE is (a) biopsy

To explain I WOULD say: The smallest unit of any system is its cell. Every organ is made of tissues and tissues are a collection of similar cells. THUS, what a tissue system does is a result of the NETWORK of the similar cells. So, when a tissue is diseased or injured, a part of the tissue is extracted to study the nature of the trauma or disease. This extracted part is called a biopsy.

The correct option is (d) By surgically placing a connection between an ARTERY and VEIN

For explanation I would say: When a graft is made, an artery and a vein are connected by using an external tube (graft). This allows the blood to flow from higher pressure, i.e. artery, through the graft and then into the LOW pressure area, i.e. vein. The graft is where the needles are used for WITHDRAWAL or injection.

Right choice is (c) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

For explanation I WOULD SAY: As the name suggests, this particular endoscope has a really LONG range and can be used to view esophagus, stomach and the duodenum. The REGION till here is mostly CONSIDERED as the upper GI tract.

Right CHOICE is (d) Chief cells, PARIETAL cells, mucous cells

Explanation: Chief cells are also called as zymogen cells as they secrete enzymes. Parietal cells are oxygentic cells and they secrete HCL to destroy the microbes and any other harmful substances. The mucous cells secrete mucous to PROTECT the walls of the stomach being harmed by the HCl. It also ALLOWS for the smooth passage of food.

Correct choice is (a) CCD camera

Easiest explanation: The CCD (Charge coupled DEVICE) camera is small and is easily FITTED in the capsule. It does not require too MUCH energy and the RANGE of the camera is wide enough. It may also be called as CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) imager.

The correct option is (d) 8

The explanation is: The digestive enzymes MOSTLY work in the basic or mildly basic mediums. When the food reaches the stomach, the high pH content of the stomach destroys the microbes and any other HARMFUL material in the food. Then the food MOVES down to the small intestine where the BILE salts help neutralize the acidity of the food and then make them SLIGHTLY basic to allow the intestinal enzymes to work on them.