Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Going Concern CONCEPT:
According to this concept, the organization is going to be in EXISTENCE for an indefinite period of time and is not likely to close down the business in the SHORTER period of time. This affects the valuation of assets and liabilities.

Going Concern Concept:
According to this concept, the organization is going to be in existence for an indefinite period of time and is not likely to close down the business in the shorter period of time. This affects the valuation of assets and liabilities.

Dual Aspect Concept:
According to this concept, EVERY TRANSACTION has TWO affects. This basic relationship between ASSETS and liabilities which means that the assets are EQUAL to the liabilities remains the same.

Dual Aspect Concept:
According to this concept, every transaction has two affects. This basic relationship between assets and liabilities which means that the assets are equal to the liabilities remains the same.

Business ENTITY Concept:
According to this concept, the business has a SEPARATE legal identity than the person who OWNS the business. The accounting process is carried out for the business and not for the person who is carrying out the business. This concept is APPLICABLE to both, CORPORATE and non corporate organizations.

Business Entity Concept:
According to this concept, the business has a separate legal identity than the person who owns the business. The accounting process is carried out for the business and not for the person who is carrying out the business. This concept is applicable to both, corporate and non corporate organizations.

Accounting concepts are those basis assumptions upon which BASIC process of accounting is based.
Following are the basic accounting concepts:

1. Business ENTITY Concept
2. Dual ASPECT Concept
3. Going CONCERN Concept
4. Accounting Period
5. Concept Cost Concept
6. Money Measurement Concept
7. Matching Concept.

Accounting concepts are those basis assumptions upon which basic process of accounting is based.
Following are the basic accounting concepts:

1. The scope of management accounting is broader than that of cost accounting.
2. Both the accounting streams are not a legal requirement.
3. Cost accounting provides only cost INFORMATION for managerial use whereas management accounting provides all types of accounting information i.e., cost accounting as WELL as financial accounting information.
4. In Cost accounting, the main emphasis is on cost ascertainment and cost control whereas in management accounting the main emphasis is on decision-making.
5. The various techniques used by cost accounting are standard costing, budgetary control, marginal costing and cost-volume-profit ANALYSIS, uniform costing and inter-firm COMPARISON, etc. whereas management accounting ALSO uses these techniques but also uses techniques like ratio analysis, funds flow statement, statistical analysis etc.
6. Cost Accounting is a part of Management Accounting whereas Management accounting is an extension of managerial aspects of cost accounting with the ultimate intention to protect the interests of the business.

1. Financial Accounting reports are used by outside parties such as creditors, SHAREHOLDERS, tax authorities etc. whereas Management Accounting reports are used by managers inside the ORGANIZATION for planning, directing, controlling and taking decisions.
2. In Financial Accounting, only historical financial transactions are considered and do not consider NON financial transactions whereas in Managerial Accounting emphasis is on decisions AFFECTING the future, thus it may consider future data as well as non financial factors.
3. Maintenance of financial accounting records and preparation of financial statements is a legal requirement whereas Management Accounting is not at all legal requirement. Moreover, these systems have their own reporting formats.
4. In Financial Accounting, precision of information is required whereas in Management Accounting timeliness of information is required.
5. In Financial Accounting, only summarized data is prepared for the ENTIRE organization whereas in Management Accounting detailed reports are prepared about products, departments, employees and customer.
6. Preparation of Financial Accounting is based of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles whereas Management Accounting does not follow such principles to prepare reports.
7. Financial reports generated by the Financial Accounting are required to be accurate whereas accuracy is not the prerequisite of management accounting.

1. Financial Accounting protects the interests of the outsiders dealing with the organization e.g shareholders, creditors etc. Whereas reports of Cost Accounting is used for the internal purpose by the management to ENABLE the same in DISCHARGING various FUNCTIONS in a proper manner.
2. Maintenance of Financial Accounting records and preparation of financial statements is a legal requirement whereas Cost Accounting is not a legal requirement.
3. Financial Accounting is concerned about the calculation of profits and state of affairs of the organization as whole whereas Cost accounting deals in cost ascertainment and calculation of profitability of the individual products, departments etc.
4. Financial Accounting considers only transactions of historical financial nature whereas Cost Accounting considers not only historical data but also future events.
5. Financial Accounting reports are PREPARED in the standard formats in accordance with GAAP whereas Cost accounting INFORMATION is reported in whatever form management wants.

Following are the technique USED to DISCHARGE the function of management ACCOUNTING:

• MARGINAL Costing
• Budgetary Control
• Standard Costing
• Uniform Costing.

Following are the technique used to discharge the function of management accounting:

FOLLOWING is the scope of Management ACCOUNTING:

• Financial Accounting
• Cost Accounting
• REVALUATION accounting
• Control Accounting
• Marginal Costing
• Budgetary Control
• Financial Planning and
• BREAK Even Analysis
• Decision accounting
• Reporting
• Taxation
• AUDIT.

Following is the scope of Management Accounting:

Limitations of Management Accounting:

• Management Accounting is based on financial and cost accounting, in which historical data is used to make future decisions. Thus, strength and weakness of the managerial decisions are based on the strength and weakness of the accounting records.
• Management Accounting is useful only to those PEOPLE who are in the decision making process.
• Tools and techniques used in management accounting only PROVIDE information and not ready made decision. Thus, it is only a supplementary service.
• In Management Accounting, decision is based on the manager’s institution as management try to AVOID lengthy courses of scientific decision making.
• PERSONAL prejudices and BIAS affect the decisions as the interpretation of financial information is based on personal judgment of the interpreter.

Limitations of Management Accounting:

Management Accounting is the process of analysis, interpretation and presentation of accounting information collected with the help of financial accounting and cost accounting, in ORDER to assist management in the process of decision making, creation of policy and day to day operation of an organization. Thus, it is clear from the above that the management accounting is BASED on financial accounting and cost accounting.

Following are the objectives of Management Accounting:

1. Measuring performance: Management accounting measures two types of performance. First is employee performance and the second is efficiency measurement. The actual performance is measured with the standardized performance and a report of deviation from the standard performance is reported to the management for the EFFECTIVE decision making and also to indicate the EFFECTIVENESS of the methods in use. Both types of performance management are used to make corrective actions in order to improve performance.
2. Assess Risk: The aim of management accounting is to assess risk in order to maximize risk.
3. Allocation of Resources: is an important objective of Management Accounting.
4. Presentation of various financial statements to the Management.

Management Accounting is the process of analysis, interpretation and presentation of accounting information collected with the help of financial accounting and cost accounting, in order to assist management in the process of decision making, creation of policy and day to day operation of an organization. Thus, it is clear from the above that the management accounting is based on financial accounting and cost accounting.

Following are the objectives of Management Accounting:

Following are the characteristic features of Cost Accounting:

1. Cost accounting views the whole organization from the individual component of the organization like a job, a process etc.
2. Cost accounting aims at ascertaining the PROFITABILITY of individual components of the organization.
3. It is meant for those people who are part of the decision making process of the organization. Thus, it is only for internal use.
4. It is not a legal requirement. It is not compulsory to maintain cost accounting RECORDS.
5. In Cost Accounting, data is immediately AVAILABLE which FACILITATES in decision making process.
6. Cost Accounting CONSIDERS each and every transaction, whether related to past or future which will have an impact on the business.

Following are the characteristic features of Cost Accounting:

Cost Accounting is the process of CLASSIFYING and RECORDING of expenditure incurred during the operations of the organization in a SYSTEMATIC way, in order to ascertain the cost of a cost center with the INTENTION to control the cost.
Following are the basic three objectives of Cost Accounting:

1. Ascertainment of Cost and Profitability
2. Cost Control
3. Presentation of information for managerial decision making.

Cost Accounting is the process of classifying and recording of expenditure incurred during the operations of the organization in a systematic way, in order to ascertain the cost of a cost center with the intention to control the cost.
Following are the basic three objectives of Cost Accounting:

Financial Accounting is the process in which business transactions are recorded systematically in the various books of ACCOUNTS maintained by the organization in order to prepare financial statements. These financial statements are basically of two types: First is Profitability Statement or Profit and Loss Account and SECOND is Balance Sheet.
Following are the characteristics features of Financial Accounting:

1. MONETARY Transactions: In financial accounting only transactions in monetary terms are CONSIDERED. Transactions not expressed in monetary terms do not find any place in financial accounting, howsoever important they may be from business point of view.
2. Historical Nature: Financial accounting considers only those transactions which are of historical nature i.e the transaction which have already taken place. No futuristic transactions find any place in financial accounting, howsoever important they may be from business point of view.
3. Legal Requirement: Financial accounting is a legal requirement. It is necessary to maintain the financial accounting and prepare financial statements there from. It is also obligatory to GET these financial statements audited.
4. External Use: Financial accounting is for those people who are not part of decision making process regarding the organization like investors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions etc. Thus, it is for external use.
5. Disclosure of Financial Status: It discloses the financial status and financial performance of the business as a whole.
6. Interim Reports: Financial statements which are based on financial accounting are interim reports and cannot be the final ones.
7. Financial Accounting Process: The process of financial accounting gets affected due to the different accounting policies followed by the accountants. These accounting policies differ mainly in two areas: Valuation of inventory and Calculation of depreciation.

Financial Accounting is the process in which business transactions are recorded systematically in the various books of accounts maintained by the organization in order to prepare financial statements. These financial statements are basically of two types: First is Profitability Statement or Profit and Loss Account and second is Balance Sheet.
Following are the characteristics features of Financial Accounting:

There are three streams of accounting:

1. Financial Accounting: is the process in which business transactions are RECORDED systematically in the various books of accounts maintained by the organization in order to prepare financial statements. These financial statements are basically of two types: First is Profitability Statement or Profit and Loss Account and second is Balance Sheet.
2. Cost Accounting: is the process of classifying and recording of expenditure incurred during the operations of the organization in a systematic way, in order to as certain the cost of a cost center with the intention to control the cost.
3. MANAGEMENT Accounting: is the process of analysis, interpretation and presentation of accounting information COLLECTED with the help of financial accounting and cost accounting, in order to assist management in the process of decision making, creation of POLICY and day to day operation of an organization. Thus, it is CLEAR from the above that the management accounting is based on financial accounting and cost accounting.

There are three streams of accounting: