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The syntax of if – else ladder:

if(expression 1)

{

Statement

}

else

If(expression 2)

{

Statement

}

else

if(expression 3)

{

Statement

}

else

{

Statement

}

(a) expression 1? expression 2: expression 3

An if statement contains another if statement is called nested if.

The nested can have, one of the following three forms.

1. If nested inside if part

2. If nested inside else part

3. If nested inside both if part and else part

(c) Null statement

keywords of jump statements is break

There are some important things to know about switch statement.

They are 

1. A switch statement can only work for quality of comparisons.

2. No two case labels in the same switch can have identical values.

3. If character constants are used in the switch statement, they are automatically converted to their equivalent ASCII codes.

4. The switch statement is more efficient choice than if in a situation that supports the nature of the switch operation.

The syntax of the nested switch statement is; 

switch (expression)

{

case constant 1:

statement(s);

break;

switch (expression)

{

case constant 1:

statement(s);

break;

case constant 2:

statement(s);

break;

.

.

.

default:

statement(s);

}

case constant 2:

statement(s);

break;

.

.

.

default:

statement(s);

}

The switch statement is a multi – way branch statement. It provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the expression. The switch statement replaces multiple if – else sequence.

The syntax of the switch statement is;

switch(expression

{

case constant 1:

statement(s);

braek;

case constant 2:

statement(s);

braek;

.

.

.

default:

statement(s);

}

The if statement evaluates a condition, if the condition is true then a true – block (a statement or set of statements) is executed, otherwise the true – block is skipped.

The general syntax of the if statement is:

if (expression)

true – block;

statement – x;

# include

using namespace std;

# include int main()

{

int x, n;

float sum = 0;

cout <<“Enter the value for x:”; cin>>x;

cout <<“Enter the number of terms”; cin>>n;

for (int i = 0; i<=n; i++)

sum = Sum + Pow(x,i);

cout << “Sum= ” << Sum << endl;

cin.get( );

return 0;

}

# include

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

cout << “\n PRINT SERIES” ;

for (int i = 1; i< 40; i = i + 3)

cout << i << “1+”;

cin.get();

return ();

}

(a) # include <iostream>

using namespace std;

# include <math.h>

# factorial function

long int fact (int n)

{

long int f = 1;

for (int i = 1; i<n;i++)

f* = i;

return f;

}

// main function

int main()

{

int x,y = 1;

float sum = 0;

cout <<"Enter the value for x:";

cin>>x;

for(int i = 1; i<=6; i++)

{

sum = sum + y*((pow(x,1))/fact(i));

y* = -1;

}

cout <<"Sum = "<<Sun<<end1;

cin.get();

return();

}

(b) # include

using namespace std;

# include int main()

{

int M, L;

float sum = 0;

cout > M;

cout << “Enter the number of terms”; cin>>M;

cout << “Enter the number of terms”; cin>>L;

for (int i = 1; i<=m; i++)

sum = Sum + Pow(m,i)/i;

cout <<“Sum= ” << Sum <<end1;

cin.get();

return 0;

}

(c) go to statement

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int a1,b1 1cm,gcd = 1,p;

cout<<"/n Enter 1 st no:";

cin>>a1;

cout<<"/n Enter 2 nd no:";

cin>>b1;

p = a1*b1;

for(int i = a1; i<= p; i++)

if(i%a1 == 0)&&(i%b1 == 0)

{

1 cm = i;

break;

}

cout<<"L.C.M = "<<1cm<<end1;

gcd=p/LCM;

cout<<"G.C.D="<<gcd;

cin.get();

return 0;

}

Levels of Database Abstraction – 

(1) Physical Level (Lowest Level) – It describes how the data is actually stored in the storage medium.

(2) Logical Level (Next Higher Level) – It describes what data are stored in the database.

(3) View Level (Highest level) – It is closest to the users. It is concerned with the way in which the individual users view the data.

Every loop has 4 elements that are used for different purposes.

Every loop has four elements that are used for different purposes.

These elements are

1. Initialization expression

2. Test expression

3. Update expression

4. The body of the loop

y = sin x + cos x 

differentiating w.r.t. x,

dy/dx = (d sin x/dx) + (d cos x/dx)

dy/dx = cos x - sin x

Again differentiating w.r.t x,

d²y/dx² = (d cos x/dx) - (d sin x/dx)

d²y/dx² = - sin x - cos x

d²y/dx² = -(sin x + cos x)

(x² + y²)dy/dx = 2xy

dy/dx = 2xy/(x² + y²) 

dy/dx = (x² + y²)/2xy ...(i)

Let x = vy 

Here, differentiating w.r.t. y,

dx/dy = v.(dy/dx) + y(dv/dy)

dx/dy = (v + y).(dy/dx)

Here, from eq. (i),

v + y(dv/dx) = (v²y² + y²)/2vy²

v + y(dv/dy) = y²(v² + 1)/y²2v

v + y(dv/dy) = (v² + 1)/2v

y(dv/dy) = ((v² + 1)/2v) - (v/1)

y(dv/dy) = (v² + 1 - 2v²)/2v

y(dv/dy) = (-v² + 1)/2v

y(dv/dy) = (1 - v²)/2v

2v/(1 - v²) dv = dy/y

Integrating both sides

∫2v(v² - 1) dv = - ∫dy/y

log|v² - 1| = - log y + log c

log|v² - 1|y = log c

v²y - y = c

(x²/y²) x (y - y) = c

(x²/y) - y = c

(x² - y²)/y = c

x² - y² = cy

Minute pores present in the nuclear envelope; provide passage for movement of RNA and proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm.

The forest of Kangad had already become degraded. In that year the Forest Department decided to fell it. It was particularly women of Kangad rather than men who had to walk long distances for fuel, fodder and water.

So they were determined to save the last patch of trees. The men of Kangad were offered work by the Forest Department to fell the trees. As a result, there; was a conflict between the village men and women.

Green leaves and grass provide fodder for the animals. The dung of these animals is used as fertilizer for the croplands. Dry twigs and branches are the only source of domestic cooking fuel. The forests also provide large supplies of fruits, edible nuts, fibres and herbs for local consumption. Thus they are the foundation of the whole economy of the hill villages.

Correct option is (C) the commercial cutting of trees in their area.

Oppressive forest laws compelled the people of Tehri-Gadhwal launch a non-cooperation movement called Satyagraha – a form of peaceful resistance to obtain justice. For many years the  forests of Tehri-Gadhwal were being degraded and large areas of rich forest resources were getting destroyed. There was clearly a contradiction between the village people’s basic needs, and the requirements of the state to earn money.

Large areas of rich forests were getting destroyed, there was clearly a contradiction between the village people’s basic needs and the requirements of the state to earn money. Therefore, in 1930, the people of Tehri-Gadhwal began a non-cooperation movement called ‘Satyagraha’ – a form of peaceful resistance to obtain justice in opposition to the oppressive forest laws.

The forests are the foundation of the whole economy of the hill villages. Green leaves and grass provide fodder for the animals. Their dung is used as fertilizer for the croplands. Dry twigs and branches are the only source of domestic cooking fuel. The forests also provide large supplies of fruits, edible nuts, fibres and herbs for local consumption.

Correct option is (C) The tree lovers marched to save forests.

Correct option is (D) to grow food items they liked the most.

History says that women have often overcome men when they are determined. They can fight more courageously. Once. they decide to do something, they never look back or retreat.They are always ready to face the worst, whatever be the obstacles In their way.

We should say Bravo to MaNia Mangal :Dal because they took the initiative to manage and protect local forests. They were determined to save the last patch of trees. They also decided to regenerate degraded forests.

The forests of Tehri-Gadhwal were exploited to supply timber for the expanding railway network in the plains. Europeans in Mussoorie wanted cultivation of new food crops like potatoes, leading to large-scale clearing of oak forests.

The forest of Kangad had already become degraded. In that year, however, the Forest Department decided to fell It. Therefore. the village women. who had to walk long distances for fuel, fodder and water. were determined to save the last patch of trees.

(1) The grass root struggle against the commercial cutting of the Himalayan forests of Uttar Pradesh has enforced the state government to rethink its strategy. Commercial felling is now banned above a height of 1000 m.

(2) Because of the degraded forests, there is scarcity of animal fodder and domestic fuel and acute water shortage.

The forest of Kangad had already become degraded. In that year, the forest department decided to fell it. The village women, who had to walk long distances for fuel, fodder and water, were determined to save the last patch of trees. The village women confronted the village men who were offered work by the Forest Department to fell the trees. Besides, the Mahila Mangal Dal decided to regenerate the degraded forests. Contributions were raised to employ a forest guard.

Out of Satyagraha movement, originated in Tehri-Gadhwal, has grown the post independence (‘Chipko movement’. In this movement, village ) people actually put their bodies around trees to stop them from being felled. Men, women and children embrace trees not to allow others to do any harm to the trees as they are emotionally attached to them.

In 1980, the Mahila Mangal Dal agreed to help the Forest Department in tree planting. They dug 15,000 pits, but unfortunately they found / that the Department was only interested in planting / poplars – foreign commercial trees. The women refused to allow planting of poplars, a foreign commercial tree, instead they forced the Forest Department to plant different kinds of indegenous fodder trees that would benefit them directly.

Variation: Difference in structure or function, which is shown in individuals of the same species.

In Molluscs, the body is bilaterally symmetrical, Coelomic cavity is reduced and little segmented Body differentiation starts. 

Eg: Octopus, Pila, Unio, etc.

Protochordate is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic coelomate animals. Notochord may not present at all stages in their life. 

Eg: Balanoglossus, Amphioxus.

Biodiversity: Variety of life forms found in a particular region.

Vertebrates have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.

Diversity: Variety of people or things that are very different from each other.

The naming of organisms with distinctive scientific names is called nomenclature.

Binomial nomenclature introduced by Carl Linneaus.

Correct option: (A) Division

Correct option: (D) Linnaus

Correct option: (C) This being the plural of taxon.

Correct option: (A) Species, genus, family, order, class

2.4-D Plant hormone

Due to inhibit activity of Auxin lateral growth starts.