Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Nitrogen fixation in non leguminous plants is done by Frankia. 

Seleucus Nicator was Alexander’s general.

King Tut’s death was of course a big event. Even by royal standards he was the last ruler in his family line. His funeral was the death bell of a dynasty that ruled in Egypt for centuries. The big event is because of the fact that he died unexpectedly at young age. The particulars of his passing and its aftermath are not clear.

The cytoskeletal structure are microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

Monotropa derives nutrition by Mycorrhizae. 

(c) Halophiles

After king Akhenaten’s death, a mysterious ruler became the king for a short while and died. Then a very young Tutankhaten took the throne. He changed his name to Tutankhamun, “Living image of Amun.” He restored the worship of Amun whose images were broken and temples closed by the Pharaoh. Thus, King Tut disturbed the Pharaoh. Akhenaten and his curse that Akhenaten had befallen on Tut causing his untimely death in his late teens.

Megasthenes, Seleucus Nicator’s ambassador stayed back at Chandragupta’s court.

The other name of nuclear envelop is "Karyotheca".

Peroxisomes perform photorespiration as they pick up glycolate from chloroplasts. The same is oxidised with the help of oxygen to produce glyoxylate. The later is changed to amino acid glycine and then to serine and CO₂ in mitochondria.

Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop in the minute pores of cell walls. 

Functions: 

(i) It forms a protoplasmic column called symplast. 

(ii) Various substances can pass from one cell to another through plasmodesmata.

(i) The cell has complete independent existence. 

(ii) All life activities are carried out by the same cell. 

(iii) Division of labour is absent. 

(iv) The cell depends upon its own internal and intrinsic information.

All cells are autonomous because of the following facts: 

(i) Each and every cell converts non-living materials into components of living matter. 

(ii) Each cell builds up its own macromolecules from micromolecules. 

(iii) All cells obtain or manufacture food. 

(iv) A cell is always building a new structure to replace the worn out ones.

(i) Chloroplast, 

(ii) Mitochondria.

The process of formation of gamete in male and female sex organs is called gametogenesis.

The liquid contents in the vacuoles of plant cells are termed as cell sap.

Fimbriae are small, bristle like fibres sprouting out of the cell in bacteria.

Pili are elongated, tubular structure made up of special protein in bacteria.

It is a factor present on a plasmid which converts the bacterium into a donor and capable of developing sex pili for conjugation.

Cell differentiation is the phase of growth in which a cell acquires a permanent shape and function along with increase in size.

It provides protection to the bacterial cells and also help in adhesion.

Rudolf Virchow

Multicellularity results in producing division of labour amongst its cells and enhance the chances of survival.

(i) Viruses do not possess a cellular machinery. They consist of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) core surrounded by a protein sheath and are considered to be an organism. 

(ii) The bodies of certain fungi are made up of protoplasm and nuclei. 

(iii) RBCs and sieve tube cells continue to live without nucleus and other vital organelles. 

(iv) Bacteria and blue-green algae do not have an organised nucleus. Their genetic material (DNA) is naked and the cell organelles are absent.

Rudolf Virchow gave this statement. It means ‘’All cells come from cells. Every cell is born of previous cell, which was born of a previous cell. Life comes from life.’

(b) Only R is correct.

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Fishing has developed in continental shelves because-

1. The portion of the continents that is submerged under water and borders the coastal areas is known as a continental shelf. 

2. They are broad, shallow and gentlysloping plains covered by water. 

3. As the sunlight reaches this part of the ocean bed, plankton grows.

4. These millions of microscopic organisms found in sea water are an important and favourite food for fish. 

5. Also, the sediments washed from the continental areas add to the food for fish. Thus, millions of fish thrive in this region.

1. After the extent of continental shelf is over, there is a sharp drop in the ocean floor. 

2. The gradient of slope in this region can be between 2° to 5°. This is called continental slope.

3. The depth of this slope extends from 200 m up to 4000 m from sea level. 

4. Due to its steepness, the continental slope stretches over a limited area. 

5. The deposition of sediments is also limited in this part. 

6. The continental slopes are generally considered as boundaries of continents. Methane hydrate, a compound of water and methane, is present on the continental slopes. 

7. On the slope, we find many traces of submarine landslide activity, ocean canyons and huge avalanche fans. For example, Congo Canyon is a submarine canyon found near Africa.

(a) Water does not provide any energy to the yeast cells. So, yeast cells fail to multiply in water due to inadequate energy in its cells. Sugar provides energy to them to carry out reproduction by multiplying rapidly. 

(b) Moisture is necessary for the growth of bread mould. The moist slice of bread provides both moisture and nutrients due to which bread mould grows profusely. On the other hand, the dry slice of bread provides nutrients but no moisture. So, in the absence of moisture, bread mould does not grow on the dry slice of bread.

The methods used for artificial propagation of plants are: 

(i) Cutting (ii) Layering and (iii) Grafting

(a) Plants bear flowers and fruits earlier.

(b) Desirable traits can be propagated due to genetic similarity.

(a) Cutting.

(b) Grafting.

Differences between deciduous and coniferous vegetation

Deciduous :

1. They have broad leaves.

2. All trees of one species shed their leaves once a year in the dry season so trees are bare for some time.

3. They yield hardwood.

4. They have wide trunks with wide spread branches at the top.

Coniferous:

1. They have needle – like leaves.

2. The trees do not shed their leaves in any particular season so the forests appear green at all times.

3. They yield softwood.

4. They have tall, slender trunks, wider at the base and tapering at the top.

Temperate west coast :

This climate type is found just south of the cool temperate west coast climatic region, along a narrow belt on the west coast in California.

•  Here, summers are warm and dry, while winters are mild and wet.
•  The region comes under the influence of the Westerlies in winter.

East coast climates:

•  In this climatic region, summers are warm and winters are mild. Rainfall occurs all year round, but mostly in summer brought by the North-East. Trade Winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean. The rainfall gradually decreases westwards. The southeastern part of the continent and the coastal areas around the Gulf of Mexico in the USA experience this type of climate.

The tropical regions of Central America have hardwood vegetation consisting mainly of mahogany, palms, rubber, and cocoa trees. These forests are dense and large animals are rare. Instead a variety of birds, monkeys, insects, and reptiles thrive in these forests.

The interior of North America in the middle latitudes. The southern part of central Canada and the northern part of central USA experience this climate which is characterized by warm summers and cool and cold winters. This region receives moderate rainfall in summer and snow in winter. The natural vegetation of this region is adapted to withstand the drought conditions. The cork oak, olive, Mediterranean pine, laurel, and cedar are the trees found in this region. Fruit trees such as orange, peach, apricot, lemon, and walnut thrive.

 North America is this variety of trees found California.

DNA copying is necessary during reproduction because it leads to the transmission of characters from parents to offsprings and variations.

In Bryophyllum, the buds are produced in leaf notches.

Coal is mainly found in the Appalachians and is of the high grade bituminous and anthracite variety. Northeastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, and West Virginia are some important coal producing centres. Large deposits of coal are also found in the Rockies of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana.

For growing jasmine plants, layering method will be used and for growing rose plants, cutting and grafting methods will be used.

The great variety of climates has resulted in a great variety of vegetation in North America—tropical forests in Central America, desert vegetation in Mexico and southern USA, Mediterranean vegetation along the Californian Coast, coniferous forests in Canada, and tundra vegetation in the areas of Arctic climate.

The desert climate is mainly found in northern Mexico and in the south-west of the USA. Where the influence of the rain-bearing Westerlies and the North-East Trade Winds is not felt, a dry climate with very hot summers and little or no rainfall is experienced.

The name of an organism is Planaria.

(i) Wind energy 

(ii) Biomass energy