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Name the term which is used by even common man effectively while collecting the needed information quickly: Internet

Explanation: 

Internet is a very simple tool which is easy to understand and use in our daily lives. As no technical course is required to surf on the internet, even a layman can use it effectively to collect information about anything. Thus, we can say that it is userfriendly

(b) Virtual Private Network 

DVD and Pen drive

A digital signature is«an electronic file that is issued by a Certification Authority. (CA).

Differences between slide transition and custom animation are as follows:

The Custom Animation enhance uses the flying effect on the text and character.

Animations are the visual effects applied to individual items on a slide such as graphics, titles or bullet points, rather than to the slide itself.

Name the electronic facility of transferring funds through the internet: Net banking 

Explanation: 

Net banking permits the customers to undertake banking transactions on the internet. Through internet banking, the customers can transfer funds electronically from one account to another.

(c) Shift + F10 is the shortcut key to display the PowerPoint shortcut menu

Name the service provider which is used for payments through web: Payment gateway 

Explanation: 

A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service provider that is used for making payments through the web. It provides a secured zone through which retailers, manufacturers, dealers, buyers and sellers of goods can make payments online.

Name the form of electronic currency that exists only in cyberspace: Digital cash 

Explanation: 

Digital cash has no physical existence; it exists in cyberspace. It is a system of purchasing cash in relatively small amounts and storing it in the computer system. The consumer can spend the cash later when making electronic purchases over the internet.

Transition is a special effect that allows to specify how to navigate from one slide to other.

(d) Both customer facing and back-end business

True 

Software piracy refers to the unauthorized duplication of computer software.

(a) Software piracy refers to making illegal copies of copyrighted software.

In order to stop software piracy, three types of laws are formulated as follows: 

1. Copyright is an exclusive right of the developer or author, to protect their works which is granted by law. 

2. Patent is the special power of monopoly granted by the law. The work cannot be used or reproduced without obtaining a license from patent holder. 

3. Trademark is the registered word or text/logo depicting the identity of a product, work or company.

The following are the three types of law that can help to restrict software piracy: 

1. Copyright 

2. Patent 

3. Trademark

Common usage of IT includes information storage, data processing and statistical analysis, Word processing, accounting and financial forecasting, management information systems, communication, designing and the control and automation of manufacturing processes, computer programmers, computer sales etc.

IT security is a term which is more concerned with the protection of hardware,software and a network of an organisation, from the perils of disaster and external attacks through virus, hacking etc.

Recent advances in information technology threaten privacy and have reduced the amount of control over personal data and open up the possibility of a range of negative consequences as a result of access to personal data. A variety of information on individuals is kept in databases. These databases house information, such as social security numbers, credit card numbers, medical histories, family histories and many more. Practically, every organisation has a database full of information on everyone they do business with. The concern with this is whether or not they should be collecting this information, what they will do with it, how secure it is, how accurate it is and to whom it can be sold. Personal data is increasingly made available in online databases, which can be accessed by search engines. The question that concerns is: should personal information, like we discussed, be so readily availabe to the public? The availability of personal information shows no signs of slowing. Infact, courts and government agencies at all levels are increasingly making public records available online. Some find it troubling given the sensitive information contained in the available documents. For instance, someone filing for bankruptcy must disclose their social security number, their bank and credit card numbers, account balances and even children’s names and ages. 

One of the fastest growing crimes has been identity theft. Identity theft is the stealing of another person’s social security number, credit card number, or other personal information for the purpose of paying bills, using the personal information to do illegal activities using other person’s identity. In some cases, thieves even withdraw cash directly from the victim’s bank account. Since, many private organisations and governments keep information about individuals in accessible databases, there is an endless opportunity for thieves to retrieve it and misuse the information.

The following are important jobs in IT: 

1.  Computer Programmer A computer programmer is a person, who codes various computer programs for users, so that they can perform desired tasks on computer. 

2.  Software Engineer A software engineer is a person, who is responsible for designing and programming a large scale system software and application software. 

3.  System Analyst A system analyst is responsible for researching, planning and recommending software and systems choices to meet an organisation’s business requirements. 

4.  System Administrator (SA) A system administrator is responsible for managing, overseeing and maintaining a multiuser computing environment, such as a Local Area Network (LAN).

 5.  Maintenance Technicians A maintenance technician mainly deals with computer hardware. 

6.  Web Master A Web master manages the implementation and administration of a Website. 

7.  Network Administrator A network administrator manages the LAN of an organisation. 

8.  Network Security Analyst A network security analyst ensures their company’s information systems and computer networks are secure. 

9.  Database Administrator (DBA) A DBA is a person who manages the database of an organisation. 

10.  Database Analyst A database analyst designs and develops the information flow model and database architecture. 

11.  Help Desk Executive A help desk executive is a resource intended to provide the customer or end user with information and support related to a company’s or institution’s products and services.

 12.  Information Systems Managers These are responsible for the implementation of technology with in an organisation and direct the work of systems and business analysts, developers, support specialists and other computer-related workers. 

13.  Internet Engineer/Internet working Engineer An Internet engineer works with a company’s current information system, assesses its growing needs and designs and implements new software and applications that will help the company move forward in its market. 

14.  Technical Writer A Technical writer is responsible for authoring hardware and software documentation either for an organisation’s internal computer systems or for third party vendors.

Various payment mechanisms under e-business are described below: 

• Cash on Delivery: Under this, the payment for goods ordered online may be made in cash at the time of physical delivery of the goods. 
• Cheque: Another option is that the online vendor may arrange for the pickup of the cheque from the customer’s end. Upon realization, goods may be delivered. 
• Net Banking Transfer: These days banks provide facility to the customers for electronic transfer of funds using internet. Therefore, a buyer can also make use of net banking money transfer to pay for the goods ordered. 
• Credit or Debit Cards: These are also called plastic money. These cards are most popularly used in payment for online transactions. To accept credit card as an online payment type, the seller first needs a secure means of collecting credit card information from its customer. Payments through credit cards can be processed either manually, or through an online authorization system like SSL Certificate. 
• Digital Cash: It is a kind of electronic currency which exists only in cyberspace. It has no real physical properties, but offers the ability to use real currency in an electronic format. For this the buyer has to deposit cash in bank account which issues equivalent digital cash to the person which can be used for online trading. It is more secure than credit or debit cards.

Three m’s are required for setting up any business: men, money and machines: For e-business some additional sources are required. It needs a website with allotted cyberspace. More is the cyberspace, more is the cost of website and vice-versa. Space requirement depends on scale of operations and how interactive a website is.

The security of e-business transactions can be ensured by bearing in mind the following elements:

1. Authenticity: Authenticity means enabling each party in a e-business transaction to ascertain with certainty the indentify of the other party. 

2. Integrity: Integrity implies honesty in dealings. 

3. Confidentiality: Confidentiality means privacy of the transactions. 

4. Non-repudiability of origin: Non-repudiability of origin implies that the origin of the transaction is not denied. 

5. Non-repudiability of receipt: Non-repudiability of receipt implies that the seller cannot subsequently deny the payment received

It may also be noted that the above elements of security of e-business depend upon certification by a trusted third party, say, a Government body. That means that the security of e-business requires the establishment of global certification system. Further, all the parties concerned with e-business must assume their responsibilities to ensure security of transactions.

Software enables us to accomplish many different tasks with computers. Unfortunately, for various reasons, some people justify making and using unauthorised copies of software. Software ethics refers to ensuring that the software being used is not pirated or unauthorised. This also includes that the software developers should be given a fair return for their work.

software piracy refers to the unauthorised duplication of computer software.

Personal information is the information that identifies you or could identify you. 

e.g. your name and address.

The right to privacy involves the decisions pertaining to questions like what information about one’s self or one’s associations must a person reveal to others , under what conditions and with what safeguards. What things can people keep to them and not be forced to reveal to others?

A person’s Internet usage and transactions done by him/her online provides a large amounts of information which provides insight into that person’s interests and other vital information about the person. Hacking or tracking of activities of some person without his/her knowledge have become prominent with the increase usage of Internet. Hence, a person with malicious intent can easily invade in some other person’s privacy online.

False 

Secrecy means we should share the personal information of an individual only with authorised persons.

DBA is a person who manages the database of an organisation.

There are many threats to e-transactions. Risk here is referring to probability of any mishappening that can result into financial, reputational or psychological losses to the parties involved in the transaction. It includes:

1. Transaction risks: It can be of three types: Default on Order Taking or Giving: Seller denies that the customer ever placed the order or customer denies that he ever placed the order. Default on Delivery: It happens when either goods are delivered at a wrong address or wrong goods are delivered. Default on Payment: Seller does not get the payment for the goods delivered but customer claims that he has made the payment. 

2. Data Storage and Transmission Risks: Data stored in the systems and en route is exposed to a number of risks. Major two risks are related to virus and hacking. Virus is a program which replicates itself on the other computer systems. The effect of computer viruses can range from mere annoyance in terms of some on-screen display (level -1 virus), disruption of functioning (level-2 virus) damage to target data files (level-3 virus) to complete destruction of the system.(level-4 virus). Hacking refers to unauthorized logging into the account and misusing it for selfish purposes or for fun only. Antivirus can help to protect files from virus and cryptography is used for protection against hacking. 

3. Risks of threat to Intellectual Property and Privacy: Once an information is uploaded on internet, it loses privacy and IPRs. It becomes difficult to protect it from being copied and being accessible to one and all.

The following measures have been devised for their protection:

1. Secure Socket Layer (SSL): It was designed by Netscape for use in electronic commerce for transactions involving confidential information like credit card numbers. SSL uses a system of public and private key authentication combined with schemes to verify electronic signatures. Public key is the password that the sender uses to encrypt the data and the private key is used by the receiver of a message to descrypt the data. 

2. Cryptography: It refers to the art of protecting information by transforming it (encrypting it) into an unreadable format called ‘cyphertext’. Only those who possess a secret key can decrypt the message into plain text. It is like coding and decoding. 

3. Password: The parties to an e-commerce transaction must use the password. Password is a code fed in computer by the user. It can be in alphabets or numeric or alpha-numeric characters. Unless a person feeds in the password, system shall neither respond nor give effect to the transactions. Therefore, one must keep a password. 

4. Cookies: Cookies are very similar to creating ID in telephones that provide telecallers with such relevant information as the customer’s name, address and previous purchase payment record. 

5. Anti-virus: There are anti-viruses which remove any type of virus from the system.

(b) A system analyst is responsible for researching, planning and recommending software and systems choices to meet an organisation’s business requirements.

True 

Internet uses generate large amount of personal information, information thefts and information technology piracy.

(d) Information and Communication Technology tools are benefitted in various fields such as Education, Governance and Health etc.

(a) ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology.

(d) Air Pollution Control Act

Liberalization

World Trade Organization. It works as a platform for debates and negotiation related to multinational trade.

The transactions under B to C are between business firms and consumers.

It is the process in which ownership and management of industrial units, under state control is handed over or transferred to the private sector.

It is the gradual removal of restriction imposed on the private sector to encourage economic development.

(a) Not negotiable crossing

A cheque will become stale after 3 months of its date.

(b) Facultative

Grace days allowed to a Bill of exchange for calculation of due date is 3.

“When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the name, otherwise that as such maker for the purpose of negotiation, on the back or face thereof, or on a slip of paper annexed thereto.”

Livestock Entrepreneur Supply Services Unlike.

Human Resource Planners face significant barriers while formulating an HRP.

The major barriers are elaborated below:

1) HR practitioners are perceived as experts in handling personnel matters, but are not experts in managing business. The personnel plan conceived and formulated by the HR practitioners when enmeshed with organizational plan, might make the overall strategic plan of the organization ineffective

2) HR information often is incompatible with other information used in strategy formulation. Strategic planning efforts have long been oriented towards financial forecasting, often to the exclusion of other types of information. Financial forecasting takes precedence over HRP.

3) Conflict may exist between short term and long term HR needs. For example, there can be a conflict between the pressure to get the work done on time and long term needs, such as preparing people for assuming greater responsibilities. Many managers are of the belief that HR needs can be met immediately because skills are available on the market as long as wages and salaries are competitive. Therefore, long times plans are not required, short planning are only needed.

4) There is conflict between quantitative and qualitative approaches to HRP. Some people view HRP as a number game designed to track the flow of people across the department. Others take a qualitative approach and focus on individual employee concerns such as promotion and career development. Best result can be achieved if there is a balance between the quantitative and qualitative approaches.

5) Non-involvement of operating managers renders HRP ineffective. HRP is not strictly an HR department function. Successful planning needs a co-ordinated effort on the part of operating managers and HR personnel.

1. HRP must be recognized as an integral part of corporate planning

2. Support of top management is essential

3. There should be some centralization with respect to HRP responsibilities in order to have co-ordination between different levels of management.

4. Organization records must be complete, up to date and readily available.

5. Techniques used for HR planning should be those best suited to the data available and degree of accuracy required.

6. Data collection, analysis, techniques of planning and the plan themselves need to be constantly revised and improved in the light of experience.