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(c) Thelytoky

Binary fission, Multiple fission, Sporulation and Strobilation.

Asexual reproduction is usually by amitotic or mitotic division of the somatic (body) cells, – hence is also known as somatogenic or blastogenic reproduction.

Through entrepreneurship development programmes, innovation and product diversification is encouraged. New products, new technologies, new markets, new machinery and equipments are possible only through innovation and market survey. Under entrepreneurship development programmes, enterpreneurs are assisted to understand the prospects of various markets and are encouraged to perform further research and investigation.

(c) Decrease in employment opportunities

(a) Arrhenotoky

Entrepreneurship programmes, by providing necessary knowledge and financial and managerial assistance, helps in formulation of projects.

To promote first generation entrepreneurs and industrialists.

Entrepreneurship Development Programme refers to the identification of potential entrepreneurs and equip them with the required skills and knowledge needed for starting and running various enterprises.

Industries with cost of plant and machinery upto one crore or fire crore in some cases.

Entrepreneurship Development Programmes are said to be the basic pillar of balanced development because by getting inspired from these programmes, entrepreneurs establish new’ ventures in under-developed and remote areas and help in balanced economic development. According to Prof. Nurksey, “Entrepreneur helps in creating path of balanced economic development.”

(d) All of the above

(a) Prof. Nurksey

Prof. Nurksey

According to Arthur Cole, “With studying of entrepreneurship development programmes our social and economic activities are strengthered.”

Correct option is (b) Two

Correct option is (a) Account

Correct option is (b) Non-economic transactions

Correct option is (d) Internal transaction

Correct option is (a) Cash

Correct option is (a) stock decreases

Correct option is (a) Cash

Correct option is (b) Exchange

Correct option is (b) Non-economic

Correct option is (b) Credit transaction

An account of business expenses, losses, incomes, gains or profits is called nominal account.

Purchase account is to be credited by ₹ 500 is the second effect of this transaction.

Dual effect means debit and credit effect of business transaction.

Account of the person with whom business deals is called personal account.

Voucher is the primary and basic proof of business transaction.

A written documentary evidence supporting any financial transaction is called a voucher.

Account means a systematic accounting summary which shows the transactions of specific period for goods, assets, persons, incomes and expenses.

There are three types of economic transactions :

1. Cash transaction,
2. Credit transaction and
3. Special transaction.

During zygotene stage of prophase I of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side resulting in a pair of homologous chromosomes called bivalents.

Synaptonemal complex is a highly organised structure or filaments that facilitates the synapsis and chiasma formation during crossing over mechanism.

Failure in the formation of synaptonemal complex leads to the absence of crossing over to take place. It is noticed in certain male species of Drosophila.

After crossing over, chiasma starts to move towards the terminal end of chromatids. This is known as terminalization. As a result, complete separation of homologous chromosomes occurs.

1. Through economic planning, various programmes have been introduced like the expansion of irrigation facilities, infrastructural development, improving the health and nutrition of the rural masses, increasing rural employment, etc.

2. Traditional agriculture mainly depends upon indigenous inputs such as the use of organic manures, seeds, simple plough – bullocks, and primitive agricultural tools.

Modern technology in agriculture consists of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, improved varieties of seeds, including hybrid seeds, extensive irrigation, use of electric power, agricultural machinery, etc.

3. Modern technology has increased agricultural mechanization. As a result, industries supplying modern farm inputs have grown at a rapid rate. It has increased the demand for agricultural credit. It has improved productivity. Hence, farmers became marketoriented.

4. The effects of modern technology prevail only in certain selected areas and the rest of the country is not yet suitable for modern technology. Therefore, low-cost technology has to be introduced for overall rural development.

Service Sector. 

The service sector involves the provision of services to businesses as well as services to final consumers like accounting services, mechanical services, plumbing services, computer services, etc.

The main aim of institutional sources of agricultural credit is to provide timely and adequate credit to farmers for increasing their agricultural productions. 

Institutional sources of agricultural credit in India are as follows: 

(i) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD): It is at the top of banking institutions providing finance for agriculture and rural development, promotion of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage, and village industries, handicrafts, etc. NABARD today is totally owned by the Government of India. 

(ii) Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions: 

It is divided into: 

• Short-term credit co-operatives: This co-operative works through its threetier structure i.e. PACS, DCCB, and SCB. 
• Long-term credit co-operatives: These co-operatives look after the long-term credit requirements of the farmers.

It works through two banks i.e. Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks and State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks. 

Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks work at the village level as an independent unit while State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks work at the State level through its branches in villages. 

(iii) Commercial Banks (CBs): They provide rural credit by opening their branches in rural areas. 

(iv) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): Such banks are established under RRB Act, 1976. They are rural-oriented with a low-cost profile of cooperatives. They work with professional discipline and the modern outlook of Commercial banks.

(v) Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs): These are the institutions providing financial services to poor people or new businesses that cannot use traditional banking services. Such institutions are generally run by NGOs.

No, I do not agree with the statement.

• Moneylenders are the private lenders of credit. 
• They fall under the non-institutional sources of agricultural credit. 
• They provide loans to farmers against land or other assets as collateral security. 
• Thus, they charge a high rate of interest and mortgage the property of the cultivators.

Yes, I do agree with the statement. 

• RRBs cater to the needs of the rural poor. 
• RRBs work with the professional decision and modern outlook of commercial banks.
• They are specialized banks established under RRB Act, 1976. 
• Thus, we can say RRBs are ruraloriented commercial banks.

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

• Long Term loans are generally taken by the farmers to buy farming equipment, tractor, additional land, to make permanent improvements on the land, or to pay old debts, etc. 
• It is generally bigger in amount, hence, it is taken for a longer period of time for more than 5 years. 
• A longer period makes repayment easier for the borrowers. 
• Thus, it is taken for more than 5 years period.

The significance of Rural Development in India are as follows:

• Public Health and Sanitation: Rural development helps to improve sanitation and hygiene. It improves the quality of life.
•  Literacy Rate: Rural development helps to increase the literacy rate. It helps to make provisions for educational facilities. 
• Empowerment of Women: Rural development helps to reduce gender disparity. It also encourages women’s participation in community development programs.
•   Enforcement of Law and Order: Rural development helps to safeguard the rights of the rural people. 
• Land Reforms: Rural development results in effective implementation of land reforms like regulation of rent, protection of tenancy rights, etc. It reduces rural inequality. 
• Infrastructural Development: Infrastructure refers to all those services and facilities which are necessary for economic growth. Rural development leads to infrastructural development, e.g. power generation, transportation, irrigation, banking, etc. 
• Availability of Credit: Rural development also leads to an increase in financial institutions like credit societies, RRB’s, Cooperative banks, etc. The provision of credit helps the farmers to improve their standard of living.
•  Eradication of Poverty: Due to rural development, there is an increase in rural incomes. It results in the eradication of poverty. In short, rural development is necessary for the overall development of the rural sector and to improve the quality of life.

Unproductive Loan. 

The unproductive loan is taken for personal consumption purposes. It is not related to productive activities like loans taken for marriages or to perform religious ceremonies.

No, I do not agree with the statement.

• Productive loans are economically justified as they are used for production purposes. 
• Unproductive loans are used for personal consumption and are not related to productive activity. 
• Eg. loans for expenditure on marriages or religious ceremonies. 
• Thus, unproductive loans are not economically justified.

Agricultural credit is an important prerequisite for agricultural growth.

On the basis of purpose there are two types of agricultural credit which is as follows: 

• Productive loan 
• Unproductive loan.

(i) Productive loans: Productive loans are those which are related to agricultural equipment. Productive loans help to increase farmers’ income in the future.

(ii) Unproductive loans: Unproductive loans are used for personal consumption. e.g. loans are taken for religious and social celebrations, birth and death ceremonies, expenditure on marriages, etc. 

Unproductive loans increase the debt burden of the farmers.

(i) (A) is true but (R) is False.

On the basis of tenure (time period), agricultural credit is classified as follows: 

• Short Term credit 
• Medium Term credit 
• Long Term credit 

(i) Short Term Credit: It is required for consumption and to carry out farming and other activities. It is for a period not exceeding 2 years. It is taken to meet expenses on purchasing fertilizer, fodder, HYV seeds as well as to meet religious expenses or expenses of social ceremonies. These loans are normally repaid after the harvest period.

(ii) Medium Term Credit: The period for these loans is up to 5 years. It is mainly needed to purchase cattle, equipment, to make improvements on the land, to dig up canals, etc. 

(iii) Long Term Credit: When farmers borrow a loan for a period of more than 5 years, it is called a long-term loan. It is mainly used to buy additional land, irrigation, making permanent improvements on the land, etc.

Non-Institutional Sources of Credit: 

Non-institutional sources of credit play a prominent role in supplying rural credit. 

The important sources of non-institutional credit are as follows:

(i) Moneylenders: It is easy to obtain loans from money lenders as the lenders and borrowers are known to each other. Easy access, simple procedure, and no restriction on the use of land attract farmers towards this loan. However, money lenders mortgage the land and charge high rates of interest on credit. It may result in the indebtedness of farmers. 

(ii) Other Private Sources: It includes traders, landlords, commission agents, relatives, and friends, etc. At present, the share of noninstitutional finance is declining.