Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. The Great Bath: It was important building at Mohenjodero. This building resembled a large swimming pool, It had six entrances, central bathing pool, galleries and dressing rooms. It was probably used by the general public during religious ceremonies. 

2. The drainage system: The people of the Indus valley had an excellent, wellplanned drainage system. The Kitchens and the bathrooms had drains connected to the street drains. The street drains ran along the side of the streets and were usually covered. They had manholes at regular intervals. The drainage system proves that the Indus Valley people paid great attention to sanitation and cleanliness.

At the boiling point, vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. So, when the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid increases, the liquids boil at higher temperature to generate greater vapour pressure.

Inversely proportional to the radius.

Ordinary people were those people who did not take part in power structure. They spoke different languages and follow different religious traditions. They consisted of small traders and local merchants. They use to live in cities, trade centres, port , towns and villages. Local communities of merchants known as kudirai chettis or horse merchants participated in exchanges. People such as peasants, workers, slaves, etc. were also included in ordinary people. 

The workers were known as “Vipra viodin”. This group of ironsmiths, goldsmiths, carpenters, sculpture-makers, etc. Who often quarrelled mutually for their right. It seems that during that period, need was felt to frame laws for the society to execute social justice.

 Kaikkol known as the weavers were in large numbers. They lived near temples. They played significant role in running the administration of the temple. In Vijayanagara state there were Gadarias known as Kambalattar. They followed the customs of polyandry. The special characteristic was that the wife was elder to the husband. Their women had physical relations with the husband’s kinsmen like father, brothers were prevalent. 

There was an orthodox bigot section in Vijayanagara called as reddis who owned the land. They had enough influence in the Telugu region of Vijayanagara. In the society there were a few low class people, who were non-influential. They were Domber, Marva,Jogi, Paraiyan, Boi Kallaar, etc. Some low caste people converted into Christianity under the influences of Portuguese.

The boiling point of al liquid increase with pressure, e.g., if the pressure is more than the atmospheric, water boils at a temperature higher than 100°C.

Followed by routes to reach Vijayanagara from Italy and Portugal: The travellers crossed the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and then, they taken land route to reach South India. 

Atlantic Ocean touching the Cape of Good Hope and then Indian Ocean to reach Malabar of India. From here they took land route to reach Vijayanagara. 

The Italian travellers crossed the Arabian Sea and then Indian Ocean and through Malabar coast they reached Vijayanagara. From Iran via Afghanistan and modern Pakistan they would have taken land route upto Karnataka, India.

 Russian came to India via Afghanistan. They crossed modern Punjab in Pakistan, central India crossing Vindhyachal, Satpura to Karnataka.

It is about 2 × 10⁵ N. One does not feel it because his blood pressure is slightly greater than the atmospheric pressure.

The Earth’s surface is covered with a layer of atmosphere, with more than 99% of the atmosphere lying within 31 km of the surface. The weight of the atmosphere exerts a downward thrust on any surface lying within it. This gives rise to atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at any height above the Earth’s surface is the weight of a column of air of unit cross section from that altitude to the top of the atmosphere.

Definition : Standard atmospheric pressure, or one atmosphere of pressure, is defined as the pressure equivalent of a column of mercury that is exactly 0.7600 m in height at 0 °C.

We can calculate this equivalent pressure in SI unit by using the density of mercury 

ρ = 13.6 × 10³ kg/m³ and g = 9.80 m/s² . 1 atm 

= (0.76 m) . (13.6 × 10³ kg/m³) . (9.80 m/s²)

= 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa = 101.3 kPa

[Note : 1000 mbar = 100 kPa. Therefore, 1 atm = 1013 mbar.]

Motion and rest are relative terms and ‘hey are relative to the observer. We feel an object is at rest when it is not changing, its position. We feel an object is in motion When it is changing its position with respect to the surroundings.

(D) All the above

(C) Vijayanagara

Yamini or Ilbari

• Humayun was deprived of the kingdom due to the defeat at the hands of Shershah Sur of Bihar. 
• Shershah Sur made some reforms in the administrative setup. He also made changes in the land revenue system. 
• He erected the hierarchical setup of administrative units and officers. 
• He brought together the Afghan sardars scattered in North India and established Afghan rule. 
• The descendants of Shershah were not efficient. Thus, his power declined.

• The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat. 
• Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi on the strength of configuration skills, strong artillery, a system of secret intelligence, and strong leadership. This was a direct threat to the Rajputs in Rajasthan. 
• Rajputs were brave warriors and proud advocates of their religion. 
• Babur established his rule in Delhi. 
• The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him.
• Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa.

Correct option is (c) Uzbekistan

1. Babur

2. Akbar

1. Kabulayat and Patta

2. Dara

1. Ramacharitamanas

2. Pahari

Among five sons of Sanga, Harihara and Bukka were the most famous. They founded the foundation of Vijayanagar state at the north bank of River Tungabhadra. They were the Samantas of Kaktiyo of Warangal and later become the state minister of kampile in modem Karnataka. Tughlak made both the brothers prisoners at the curbing of Kampile and released later with the efforts of their Gum Vidyaranya. They were purified and they established their independent state in Vijayanagar, which soon become the powerful state of South India.

He was born on 24th September 1433 A.D. His father Rao Mokal was a ruler non under the state of Amer (Jaipur). His mother’s name was Nirvana. He took the responsibility of his father at the age of 12 years in 1445 A.D. He was entitled with the title of Maharao by Udaikaran mler of Amer (Jaipur). His first successful military campaign was victory over Sankhla Rajputs of Multan Sewar, Nagarchal at the age of 16 years. From 1473-1477 he took victory over Nopsingh Jatu and other Jatu Rajputs and occupied Dadri and Bhiwani with the help of Panni Pathans.

Banda Bairagi’s (Bahadur) original name was Madho Das. He was born in 1670 in a rajput family. He lived in a Ashram on the bank of Godavari river. At the time of south Pravas of Gum Govind Singh. He said himself Banda Bairagi.

The title of Sultan was started by Turkish Rulers. Mehmud Gaznavi was the first to retain this title. The whole power of the state was vested in Sultan. He was the master of politics and religion and chief justice.

It was expected from Sultans that they should obey the advice of Ulema class. Sultans were influenced by the power of Amirs. Amirs had two classes 

(a) Turkish 

(b) Non-Turkish

Chehalgani : In the period of Iltutmish group of forty Amirs was called Chehalgani. The influence of Amirs depended on their ability and non-ability of administration. Central Administrative System (Mujlis-e-khalwat):

It was like council of ministers. It’s four pillars were – 

(a) Wazir 

(b) Arije Mumalik 

(c) Dewane Insha 

(d) Dewane Risalat

Departments : Office of the wazir was called Dewan-e-wizrat. It can be called Finance department. Mustaufi (Chief Auditor, Khazine (Treasuror) Majamadar (Accounts and data collector) were the workers of this department.

Jallaluddin Khilji constituted Dewane wakoof and Allaluddin established Diwane Mustakhraj departments. These were under finance department. To improve agriculture Muhammad Tughlak established Diwane-Amir-Kohi.

The responsibility of postage was of Dewane Insha. Diwane Riyasat act as foreign minister. Sadra was the head of religion department. It has separate treasury in which wealth was collected received as Jakat.Kazi-ul-kujat (Law), Barid-e-Mumalik information departments.

There were six workers for court and palace – 

1. Wakir-e-dar 

2. Barbak 

3. Amir-e-Hajib 

4. Amir-e-Shikar 

5. Amir Majlis 

6. Sir-e-Jahandar

The Sultanate period can be called as military, religious, monarchism. The goods plundered during war were called ‘Khams’. Regional administration was a replica of central administration. Head of the province was called Wali or Nazim. He was appointed by the Sultan. Shik was the Revenue officer of the Province.

Sikandar Shah started Yard’ to fix the revenue according to the measurement of the land which was often 30”. It was prevailed for a long period as ‘Sikandar Gaj or Yard’.

Guru Hargobind Ji used to give religious instructions at Sri Harimandir Sahib. Guru Sahib had constructed a new building called ‘Akal Takht’ (the Throne of Supreme God) in the western part of the premises of Sri Harimandir Sahib to give advice to the Sikhs in the worldly matters. There was raised a platform about 12 feet high. Guru Sahib used to solve the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting there. Guru Sahib also listened to heroic songs (songs of vir rasa) from his followers at Akal Takht. Guru Sahib also imparted physical training to his Sikh followers hear Akal Takht.

(i) In 1725 to calculate the speed of Nakshatras, he built a pure table (Sarani). 

(ii) He wrote a scripture on Astrology ‘Jai Singh Karika.

(iii) He built five Vaidhshalas in India to study Astrology. (Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, Banaras and Ujjain). The observatory of Jaipur (Janta Mantar) is the biggest. In July 2010 it is included in World Heritage site. The old name of Jaipur was Jai Nagar. Sawai Jai Singh made Jaipur, capital of Kachwaha Dynasty in place of Amer. Before the establishment of Jaipur there was a ‘Haudi of Shikar’ which was converted into ‘Badal Mahal’ and construction of Jaipur was started. Sawai Jai Singh was the basic Hindu king who did Rajsuya/Vajpeya/Ashwamedha yogyas. He built Jai Mahal for the living of Yagya Brahmins. He died in Amer on 21 September 1743 A.D. due to blood infection.

The main five planning of Sultan according to Barauni: 

(a) Increase in tax in doab, 

(b) Making Devgiri his Capital, 

(c) Introduction of symbolic currency, 

(d) Attack on Khurasan, 

(e) Campaign towards Carachil.

In Red Fort Delhi

Amir Ahkur (Head of the stable).

Ranthambhore.

Abdur Rahim Khanakhana.

Gum Har Govind son, of Arjun Dev.

5th November 1556 A.D.

Sher Shah Suri.

(A) roadways

Answer is (C) cars

(C) Both A & B

(C) Seaports

(C) waterways

(B) Visakhapatnam

Correct option is (a) Vyajvahi

Correct option is (a) the posting is done

Two methods are prevalent (used) in Deshi Nama to determine profit or loss:

1. By Kharid-Vakra Khata method and
2. By Vatav Khata method.

Once the posting for a transaction is done, a sign (0) is marked in the first fold below the amount of the transaction in Rojmel or Bethomel or Peta Nondh. This sign indicates that the posting is completed. Process of marking sign ‘(0)’ is known as ‘Fanku Marvu’.

There are two methods of finding out the profit or loss in Deshi Nama System:
1. Kharid- Vakra Khata system and
2. Vatav Khata system.

1. Kharid-Vakra Khata system: In this method, traders keep a combined Kharid-Vakra Khatu in which purchases (Kharid) are written on the Udhar side and sales (Vakra) are recorded on the Jama side of the account. Firstly, the trader transfer the opening stock of goods of Kharid-Vakra Khate. Then, Havala for closing stock, incomes- expenses, bad debts, depreciation, rectification of errors are given and after that all Kacha Khata are transferred to Kharid-Vakra Khate and closed. Their posting is done in the Kharid-Vakra Khate.

After totalling both the sides of Kharid-Vakra Khatu, the difference is found out. If the total of the Jama side is more, then it is profit and if the total of the Udhar side is more, then it is loss. The Havala for transferring the profit or loss to the Bhandol Khate is made in the Havalamel and by posting this nondh in the Kharid-Vakra Khate, the Kharid-Vakra khata is closed.

2. Vatav Khata System: Generally, big traders or traders dealing in more than one commodity, prepare a Vatav Khatu to find out the profit or loss.

Following two accounts are to be prepared to ascertain the profit or loss under this method:

(i) Kharid-Vakra Khatu: In this, the Havala for stock, as well as Havalas to close the accounts relating to the expenses on purchases and to close the accounts relating to the goods are recorded. Thenafter, the result of the Kharid-Vakra Khata is transferred to the Vatav Khate. It means, the profit or loss of Kharid-Vakra Khata is transferred to Vatav Khate.

(ii) Vatav-Khatu: Then after, the havalas of incomes-expenses, bad debts, rectification of errors, depreciation and Kacha Khata are closed by transferring them to Vatav Khata. The difference of this account, indicates the profit or loss of the business, which is transferred to Bhandol Khate and Vatav Khatu will be closed. If profit is there, Vatav Khatu will be debited and Bhandol Khatu will be credited, and if loss is there, Vatav Khatu will be credited and Bhandol Khatu will be debited.

In Double Entry System, the trial balance is prepared before preparing the final accounts to know any arithmetic error is there or not. Similarly, Utaro is prepared in Deshi Nama. Utaro is prepared on the basis of baki of Paka Khata and the total of the debit and credit sides of Kacha Khata.

Generally, Utaro is prepared on the last page of the Khatavahi. It has two sides, the Udhar and the Jama. In both the sides, the first column is meant for amount and the remaining columns are meant for details of the account. In the Utaro, the credit balance (Baki Deva) of Paka Khata are recorded on Jama side and debit balance (Baki Lena) of Paka Khata are recorded on Udhar side.

Without finding out the balance of Kacha Khata, the difference of the total of the debit and credit sides of Kacha Khata are recorded in the Utaro. If the total of the credit side is more then it is a credit balance and is recorded on the Jama side on the utaro and if the total of the debit side is more, then it is a debit balance and is recorded on the Udhar side of the Utaro.

This way the balances of Khata and the difference of amounts are shown in the Utaro and then the closing balance as per Rojmel or Bethomel is recorded on the Udhar side or on the Jama side of the utaro. If the total of the udhar side including the cash balance is equal to the total of the Jama side, then it is said that the utaro has tallied.

The process of carrying forward an account to other blank pages is known as ‘Khatanu Sandhan.’

Generally, the Havalamel is prepared at the end of an accounting period.

Entries are to be passed to give the accounting effects of havalas and to close Kacha Khata and transferred to some other accounts (e.g., Shri Kharid-Vakra Khate). The meal prepared with this objective is called Mand-Chhod Mel or Havalamel.

Havalamel is prepared after preparing the Utaro and before preparing the Final Accounts. Therefore, we can say that Havalamel is a link between Utaro and Final Accounts.

One of the important applications of Newton's law is to estimate masses of binary stars. A binary star is a system of two stars orbiting round their common centre of mass.

Any irregularity in the motion of a star indicates that it might be another star or a planet going round the stars. This regularity in the motion of a star is called a wobble.