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Antonio disliked Shylock.

Knowing about ill luck of Antonio, Portia at once asks Bassanio to hurry to help his noble friend. So first they are married and then Portia gives him gold to repay the debt twenty times over. Antonio must be saved at any cost. As Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice, Portia and Nerissa give them rings with instructions that they should not give the rings to anybody else under any circumstances.

In the court Portia conducts the case with great skill. She finally succeeds in defeating Shylock and saving the life of Antonio. Because of this, both Antonio and Bassanio feel deeply obliged to the young judge. They wish to make some gift to her in return for the service he has done them. First the judge refuses any offer, but after a great insistance, she asks—Bassanio for the ring he is wearing. Bassanio does not agree to give ring as he has promised his wife to keep it safe. Portia leaves Antonio and Bassanio in an unhappy mood. Then Antonio, as he was much obliged to the judge, requests Bassanio to send the ring after her. Bassanio agrees and sends the ring. Nerissa also succeeds in persuading Gratiano to give her the ring which she had given to him with an oath.

When Bassanio and his friends arrive in Belmont, Nerissa pretends to notice that Gratiano’s wedding ring is missing from his finger. So a quarrel starts and she blames Gratiano of not really loving her. Portia also comes to know that the ring given by her to Bassanio is also missing. So she also starts quarrelling. The pretended quarrel over two rings continues for sometime. Then Antonio intervenes and takes the blame on him. Then Portia returns Bassanio’s ring to him and reveals that it was she who had been dressed as a judge and it was Nerissa who had been her clerk. Thus the clerk. Thus the mystery of how the rings came into the possession of Portia and Nerissa is cleared. Thus the whole plot of the play is connected with the story of rings in some way or the other.

Portia is a powerful character. Portia pleaded the case of Antonio against he court. She wanted that Antonio should be saved at any cost. She was very intelligent. The Duke was the judge in the trial. Portia was fully prepared. First of all she tried her best that Shylock should forgive Antonio. She appealed to show mercy on him. She told him the qualities of mercy and proved that mercy is a Divine quality and the man who shows mercy is remembered and worshipped like God. But Shylock did not move a little and was adamant on his demand of a pound of flesh according to the bond.

Then very skilfully and confidently Portia allowed him to make the flesh and asked Antonio to be ready. When Shylock wanted to pierce the knife into Antonio’s chest, she warned him with a condition, “According to Bond you have full right to take the flesh but without shedding even a single drop of blood otherwise all your wealth will be confiscated by the state.’

Now Shylock was helpless. He recoils and asks for mercy. He is pardoned by the Duke conditionally. Thus, I can say that it is the skill, virtue and intelligence of Portia which saved the life of Antonio and taught a lesson to Shylock.

Because he was cornered. He had defeated himself in his cruel intent.

He wanted to take revenge on Antonio whom he hated.

It was utterly impossible for Shylock to cut off the pound of flesh without shedding Anotonio’s blood.

Because he wanted to see Antonio dead.

William synthesis- When sodium alkoxide is treated with an alkyl halide ether is obtained.

R - X + Na - O - R → R - O - R + RX

CH₃CH₂I (Ethyl Iodide) + NaOCH₃CH₃ (Sodium ethoxide) → CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃ (Diethyl ether Or Ethoxy ethane) + NaI

Datta finds the portrait which may take place of the lost photograph of the elderly man. It makes Datta so pleased.

दत्ता को वह चित्र मिल जाता है जो उसे वयोवृद्ध आदमी की फोटो का स्थान ले सकता है। यह दत्ता को अत्यधिक प्रसन्न करता है।

The nephews brought a crowd of scribes together them to copy of the notebooks and copy from the copies in order to make the bird educated.

भतीजे अपने साथ लिपिकों की भीड़ पक्षी को शिक्षित करने हेतु अभ्यास-पुस्तिकाओं की नकल करने एवं उन नकलों की भी नकल करने के लिये ले आये।

The news of the bird’s death would spread with the help of the fault-finder.

पक्षी की मृत्यु की खबर त्रुटि हूँढ़ने वाले के द्वारा फैली थी।

The author describes the bird in different way. He says that it would sing songs in proper way but could not utter the religious words. It was active and hopped frequently in attractive manner but had lack of manners and was ignorant.

लेखक पक्षी का भिन्न तरीके से वर्णन करता है। वह कहता है कि पक्षी सही तरीके से गीत गाता था। लेकिन धार्मिक शब्दों का उच्चारण नहीं करता था। वह सक्रिय था तथा आकर्षक तरीके से बार-बार फुदकता था लेकिन उसमें संस्कारों की कमी थी तथा वह अज्ञानी था।

The kotwal was honoured because of his good service of watching education department of the king.

कोतवाल को राजा के शिक्षा विभाग की अच्छी सेवा तथा देखरेख के लिए सम्मानित किया गया था।

When a glass-cutter or a pencil stub is lost, Datta uncoils from his posture. He gropes impatiently for it. Many times he has to stand up and shake his dhoti vigorously to dislodge the lost object. This operation rocks the whole shop, setting the pictures on the walls gently swinging.

जब एक कॉच-कटर या एक पेंसिल का टुकड़ा गुम हो जाता है, दत्ता अपनी मुद्रा से, कुंडली खोलकर सीधा होता है। वह बेचैनी से उसे टटोलता है। अनेक बार उसे खड़ा होना पड़ता है तथा गुम हो चुकी वस्तु को बाहर निकालने के लिए जोरदार ढंग से अपनी धोती को हिलाना पड़ता है। यह कार्य पूरी दुकान को, दीवारों पर ढंग से जड़ी हुई तस्वीरों को हिला देता है।

In this story the author satires to the present system of the education. He says that the student is like a bird and the entire nature should be the classroom. Every natural element is the source of knowledge. The golden cage is the perfect element by which the author satires that decorative classrooms which cannot attract the attention of the learner and regular cleaning and scrubbing to the external bars of the cage cannot be effective.

Iron chains by which the wings of the bird had been clipped is the mark of slavery and the slaves desire to be released besides taking lesson. The copies of the books and then copies of copy is unnecessary effort which waste our time and energy but it is not effective in making someone interested in learning. In this way the author desires to go into the nature to learn manners and courtesy.

इस कहानी में लेखक वर्तमान शिक्षण पद्धति पर व्यंग्य करता है। वह कहता है कि छात्र एक पक्षी की तरह होता है और सम्पूर्ण प्रकृति कक्षाकक्ष होना चाहिए। प्रत्येक प्राकृतिक वस्तु ज्ञान का माध्यम है। सोने का पिंजरा उचित तत्त्व है जिसके माध्यम से लेखक सुसज्जित कक्षाकक्षों पर व्यंग्य करता है जो सीखने वाले को ध्यान आकर्षित नहीं कर सकते हैं तथा पिंजरे की बाहरी सलाखों की नियमित सफाई भी प्रभावशाली नहीं हो सकती है।

लोहे की जंजीर जिससे पक्षी के पंखों को बाँध दिया गया, दासता का प्रतीक है तथा दास सीखने की बजाय आजाद होना चाहता है। किताबों की नकल तथा नकल की नकल अनावश्यक प्रयास है जो हमारी शक्ति व समय को बर्बाद करता है और यह किसी को सीखने के प्रति रुची पैदा करने में प्रभावशाली नहीं है। इस तरह से लेखक प्रकृति में जाना चाहता है शिष्टाचार व तौर-तरीके सीखने के लिए।

1. If the leaves of a green plant are coated with green paint, then stomata present on the surface of the leaf will get blocked. 

2. As a result exchange of gases will be affected. 

3. So, plant may not get sufficient amount of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. 

4. over, paint over the leaf prevents the reaching of sunlight to the leaf. 

5. As a result plant will not be able to perform photosynthesis and respiration, gradually it leads to its death.

1. Saprotrophs like fungi and bacteria will grow on the dead body of the rat, after a few days. 

2. We cannot find any traces (except strong bones) of the dead body of rat, after a month. 

3. The decomposed body of the rat is mixed with the soil.

No have any structures like vacuole in our body.

Sir Thomas More wrote ‘Utopia’.

Correct Answer is: (d) many

Seeing the food that went into the body being digested, I was very surprised.

John Milton wrote ‘Paradise Lost’.

(d) quantity of the commodity demanded at a certain price during any particular period of time

Correct Answer is: (c) media

Four types of teeth.

My anger lasts for an hour roughly.

(b) increase in the price of the good concerned

1. We chew the food with the teeth and break it down mechanically into small pieces. 

2. Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth. 

3. Food also mixed with saliva and thrown into the stomach.

Correct answer is (c) Price

1. Yes. i have noticed that the formation of new teeth in the mouth of small children. 

2. The teeth which sprouted first do not remain forever.

Not instant forgiveness; it stays for some time. How long we remain enemies depends on the friend and the issue.

During her younger days Kumudini learnt many lessons that she carried into her adult life. She relates one incident when she used to stay in Delhi in a sprawling house allotted to her engineer father. Liaquat Ali(later Prime Minister of Pakistan) used to be their neighbour. When one day she saw and her brother were caught by his gardener picking guavas from his tree, Liaquat Ali did not punish them but gave an open invitation to pick the fruits whenever they wished. The author says that it was one of her first lessons in the games that politicians play. 

In Queen Mary's college in Lahore, she could learn the value of discipline. She believes that discipline in one's daily routine does bring discipline in thinking. When her mother died she could learn the pangs of hunger. This shows up in her work. She could understand the nature of conflict which she dealt with in a play called Duvidha. 

Kumudini could learn to differentiate between sensitivity and sentimentality. In her adult days she created a piece called Panch Paras, the five senses, to explore this realm. Kumudini relates how she learnt a lesson from Ram Gopal that before one begins to experiment, one need to perfect the technique with one experiment. 

Kumudini could learn about her own personality touring with Ram Gopal.

(b) price of a good and the quantity demanded

The criteria that Ruskin feels that readers should fulfil to make themselves fit for the company of the Dead are that one must be laborious and meritorious. Ruskin feels that no wealth will bribe, no name will overawe, no artifice will deceive the Dead. Ruskin says that in order to be with their company one has to rise to the level of their thoughts.

Ruskin feels that reading the work of a good author is a painstaking task as it is not very easy to get into the meaning of the words that the author has written. He says Chapter 06 - What is a Good Book? that one has to be prepared to work like an Australian Miner to understand a good  book which is born of wisdom. Just as mining is a very painstaking task, so is reading  a good book, according to the author. In other words, the essayist means that one  has to go through between the lines to understand the pithy words in the good  books. Like an Australian miner, one needs patience and hard work to understand  the works of the good authors.

Ruskin emphasised on accuracy by pointing out that the entire difference between  education and non education consists in accuracy. Ruskin says a well educated  gentleman may not know many languages – may not be able to speak any but his  own – may have read very few books. But whatever language he knows, he knows  precisely, whatever word he pronounces, he pronounces rightly etc, Ruskin points  out that one may chose to read all the books in the British museum and may remain  an utterly illiterate, uneducated person but that if one read ten pages of a good  book, letter by letter, i.e., with real accuracy that truly is rewarding.

Ruskin advises that one should look intensely at words and assure oneself of meaning, syllable by syllable – nay, letter by letter. He means to say that one should go between the lines to get into the core of the text of any good book. This may be time taking and painstaking but very rewarding. This gives accuracy which is the mark of an educated person. A well educated person may read few books but if he or she reads them word by word, syllable by syllable only then can he/she reap the fruit, gather wisdom and transform life. 

Another View 

Reading between the lines is time taking. So,there is every possibility that in this process one may not develop a wider perspective on various issues of life .This would be so because one will be able to read few books only. One may develop narrow aristocratic attitude by reading few books. To develop a comprehensive view point one should be aware of the perspectives of as many authors as possible. Extensive reading is very valuable. The essayist talks only of intensive reading. Moreover, it is very difficult to categorise book as good or bad. This type of categorisation totally depends on subjective assessment. This is relative in nature; what is good book for some may not be so for the other.

Communication is a conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal and/or non-verbal messages that are sent, received and comprehended. 

Component of the Communication: 

The mort important component of communication is speaking with the use of language. 

• Language involves use of vocabulary which includes words by symbols.

• Communicator must know how to use words appropriately in organized and understandable form. 

• It is necessary to be clear and precise.  

Communication takes place within a context and needs to consider the other’s frame of reference. 

• It is important for the speaker to adjust his vocabulary level and choice of words to fit the level of the listener. 

• Slang expressions, words unique to a culture, euphemism can become obstacles in good communication. 

• Listening may appear as a passive behaviour, as it involves silence. But this is far from true.

• Listening requires a person to be attentive, patient, non-judgmental and have the capacity to analyze and respond. 

• It is an active process. 

• Hearing and listening are not the same, hearing is biological mechanism. It involves reception of a message through sensory channels.

General/Generic Skills:

• These are essential for all professional psychologists.

• These skills include personal as well as intellectual skills.

Generic (intellectual and personal skills) are as follows:

Interpersonal Skills: Ability to listen and be empathic. It may be verbal or non-verbal.

• Cognitive:

— Ability to solve problems — Having curiosity and flexibility

• Affective Skills:

— Openness to ideas — Agreeableness — Honesty

•Expressive Skills: Ability to communicate in verbal and non-verbal form.

• Reflective Skills:

— Intrapersonal intelligence

— Ability to examine own motives, attitude and behaviour.

• Personal skills:

— Personal hygiene — Time management

For becoming an effective psychologists, following competences are essential: 

(а) General Skills (b) Observational Skills(c) Specific Skills 

(a) General Skills: 

• General skills are essential for all professional psychologists. 

• These skills include personal as well as intellectual skills. 

• Once ensuring that a student has these skills subsequent training in his/her area of specializations to him/her intellectual and personal skill are as follows: 

Interpersonal Skills: Ability to listen and be empathic. It may be verbal or non-verbal. 

• Cognitive: 

— Ability to solve problems — Having curiosity and flexibility 

• Affective Skills: 

— Openness to ideas — Agreeableness — Honesty 

• Expressive skills: Ability to communicate in verbal and non-verbal form. 

• Reflective Skills: — Intrapersonal intelligence —Ability to examine own motives,attitude and behaviour. 

• Personal skills: 

— Personal hygiene — Time management 

(b) Observational Skills: 

Psychologists should have training in objectives and systematic observation. 

• They should have skill to observe various aspects of surrounding including people and varying events. 

• Psychologists should engage in observing people and their actions with following precautions: 

— Patience. — Optimistic curiosity.

— Respecting clients privacy. 

— Awareness of people reactions, emotions and motivation. 

— Training good questions which could be answered during observation.

(c) If the psychologist wants to work in a specialized field then professional training in specific skill development is essential. 

The main specific skills are as follows: 

(a) communication skills 

(b) Psychological testing skill  

(c) Interviewing skill 

(d) Counselling skill

(i) The production possibility curve slopes downwards to the right indicating that the economy has to sacrifice ,more and more amount of the other good per unit increase in the production of the good in question.

(ii) It is concave to the point of origin: it shows the operation of the law of increasing marginal opportunity cost.

By economic problem we mean the problem of choice.

Economics is a science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.

It can increase the supply of foreign exchange by selling foreign exchange from its reserves.

Foreign Direct Investment raises the supply of foreign exchange leading to downward influence on the price of foreign exchange.

Correct option is B) Site

Correct option is B) Mumbai

Our body produces different waste materials, sending these wastes out of the body is called excretion.

1) C 

2) A 

3) D 

4) E 

5) B