Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The gases present in the air are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inert gases mainly argon, and water vapour.

Carbon dioxide which is 0.033% is essential for the process of photosynthesis in plants.

The four major gases are nitrogen oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide.

f = 25d/d-25 = 25 x 50/ 50-25 = 50 cm

= 50/100 = 0.5m; P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = 2D

Suspended particulate matter, carbondioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen CFCs and heavy metals.

The problem with airborne – pollutants is the way winds criss – cross the globe, picking up pollutants and carrying them all over the world. Air pollution is not just a local concern.

Gas is a state of matter, which has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

It is the fourth state of matter having ionized structure.

It is force of attraction between molecules. The origin of this force is electrical.

The substance which can be stretched to large values of strain are called elastomers, e.g., elastic tissue of aorta, the largest artery carrying blood from the heart.

(a) It is false:- The modulus of elasticity of steel is greater than that of rubber. It is because, for producing same strain in steel and rubber, more stress is required in case of steel.

(b) It is true:- The reason is that when a coil is stretched, there is neither a change in the length of the coil (length of the wire forming the coil spring) nor a change in its volume. Since, the change takes place in the shape of the coil spring, its stretching is determined by its shear modulus.

i) 100 × 3 + 10 × 5 + 7 = 357 

ii) 100 × 4 + 10 × 5 + 1 = 451

iii) 100 × 7 + 10 × 3 + 7 = 737 

iv) 100 × p + 10 × q + r = \(\overline{pqr}\)

v) 100 × x + 10 × y + z = \(\overline{XYZ}\)

Debenture holders are the creditors of the company. They have the right to know about the decisions taken by the management of the company and other information. The secretary corresponds with the debenture holders under various circumstances. 

The following are the few circumstances under which the secretary enters into correspondence with the debenture holders:

• Informing the applicant about the allotment of debentures. 
• Informing about payment of interest through:
• Interest Warrant
• Electronic Mode
• Letter for the conversion of debentures into equity shares.
• Informing the debenture holders about the redemption of their debentures.

A debenture Certificate will be issued after the allotment of the debenture.

The following precautions are to be kept in mind by the secretary while corresponding with the debentures.

(i) Transparency: Transparency means disclosing the correct and accurate information of the company. Including the credit rating of the company, true and real facts of companies’ affairs, etc. in correspondence.

(ii) Quick Response: Secretary should promptly respond to the queries and complaints of debenture holders without any delay.

(iii) Courtesy:

• As debenture holders are the creditors of the company, proper respect should be given to them in correspondence.
• The wordings in the letter should be courteous. Rude and harsh words should be strictly avoided.

(iv) Conciseness: Letters to the debenture holders should be brief and to the point avoiding unnecessary information.

(v) Accuracy: The secretary should provide precise and up-to-date information to debenture holders. The information must be true and correct.

(vi) Confidentiality: As a confidential officer of the company, the secretary must take due care and should not disclose any secret information about the company while writing letters.

(vii) Reputation of the company: While corresponding with debenture holders, the secretary should try to maintain goodwill and create a good image of the company in the mind of debentures.

(viii) Legal Provisions: The secretary should follow the statutory provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and other related laws while corresponding with debenture holders. Secretary must be very careful in corresponding as it can cause legal consequences.

If I had been a soldier in 1857, my strategy would have been as follows :

• I would have planned in such a way that the revolt would not start earlier than its fixed date.
• The centres for the revolt would have been decided for all parts of India. A national union with a motive to drive away British from the country would have been raised in all those centres.
• The leaders of the revolt and the Commanders- in-Chief for North, South, East and West parts of India at various centres would have been decided.
• An arrangement for timely and adequate supply of necessary weapons would have been made before the revolt started.
• Facilities for quick transportation of soldiers and weapons would have been made.
• A plan to acquire full support and co-operation of people via secret symbols would have been made.
• I would have travelled through the entire country in order to persuade all the people to join the revolt.

• Courtesy means politeness.
• The secretary has to be polite while corresponding with debenture holders. Due respect should be given to them being the Creditors of the company.
• The language in the letter should be courteous. Rude and harsh words should be avoided.

• Precise information refers to providing timely and up-to-date information. 
• The data given in the letter must be accurate and based on factual information.

• Conciseness refers to avoiding irrelevant and unnecessary information. 
• As far as possible the letter should be brief, short, and to the point so that, the reader should develop an interest in reading it.

• Courtesy means politeness.
• The secretary has to be polite while corresponding with debenture holders. Due respect should be given to them being the Creditors of the company.
• The language in the letter should be courteous. Rude and harsh words should be avoided.

D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

B. Alliteration

Correct option is A. Metaphor

C. Repetition

'The singing will never be done' is taken from Everyone Sang.

Correct answer is (B) Agnes

Convection is the process in which heat transfer is by actual movement of molecules in fluids such as liquids and gases. In convection, molecules move freely from one place to another.

Conduction is the process of direct transfer of heat through matter due to temperature difference. When two objects are in direct contact with one another, heat will be transferred from the hotter object to the colder one. The objects which allow heat to travel easily through them are called conductors.

(d) Isothermal compression

(c) a conversion factor

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems, A and B, are in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Joule essentially converted mechanical energy to internal energy. In his experiment potential energy is converted to rotational kinetic energy of paddle wheel and this rotational kinetic energy is converted to internal energy of water.

The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules of the system with respect to the center of mass of the system.

(c) only temperature

One calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.

PV diagram is a graph between pressure P and volume V of the system. The P-V diagram is used to calculate the amount of work done by the gas during expansion or on the gas during compression.

Quasi-static process: Consider a system of an ideal gas kept in a cylinder of volume V at pressure P and temperature T. When the piston attached to the cylinder moves outward the volume of the gas will change. As a result the temperature and pressure will also change because all three variables P,T and V are related by the equation of state PV = NkT. If a block of some mass is kept on the piston, it will suddenly push the piston downward. The pressure near the piston will be larger than other parts of the system. It implies that the gas is in non-equilibrium state. We cannot determine pressure, temperature or internal energy of the system until it reaches another equilibrium state. But if the piston is pushed very slowly such that at every stage it is still in equilibrium with surroundings, we can use the equation of state to calculate the internal energy, pressure or temperature. This kind of process is called quasistatic process.

A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process in which the system changes its variables (P,V,T) so slowly such that it remains in thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its surroundings throughout. By this infinite, slow variation, the system is always almost close to equilibrium state

It is a process in which the temperature remains constant but the pressure and volume of a thermodynamic system will change. The ideal gas equation is PV = µRT

One mole of any substance is the amount of that substance which contains Avogadro number (NA) of particles (such as atoms or molecules).

Internal energy and thermal energy do not mean the same thing, but they are related. Internal energy is the energy stored in a body. It increases when the temperature of the body rises, or when the body changes from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas. 

“Heat is the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference.”

Correct answer is (a) 70 J

It implies that to increase the temperature of the gas at constant volume requires less heat than increasing the temperature of the gas at constant pressure. In other words s is always greater than S_v.

Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (s_P): The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kg of a substance by 1 K or 1°C by keeping the pressure constant is called specific heat capacity of at constant pressure.

Specific heat capacity at constant volume (s_V ): The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kg of a substance by 1 K or 1°C by keeping the volume constant is called specific heat capacity at constant volume.

The amount of heat required to rise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1K or 1 °C at constant volume is called molar specific heat capacity at constant volume.

When the gas is heated at constant volume the temperature increases by dT. As no work is done by the gas, the heat that flows into the system will increase only the internal energy. Let the change in internal energy be dU. dU = µωdT

Correct answer is (a) 2.5

The amount of heat required to rise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1K or 1°C at constant pressure is called molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

Correct answer is (a) Red