Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Body image is how and what you feel about your body.

                         or

The perception that a person has of their physical self.

The word 'psychology' refers to the study of human behaviour. Sports psychology denotes a sub-category of psychoiogy that deals with the behaviour of athletes and teams engaged in competitive sports. Sports psychology is intimately connected with human behaviour on the play field; both under practice and competitive situations, with a view to bringing about a qualitative improvement in the performance and maintaining the same during the stress of competition.

Physical activities and sports play an important role in the development of personality of an individual. These activities help in shaping up the personality of an individual such as: 

(a) Physical appearance: One of the primary aspects of one's personality is his physical appearance. Both boys and girls are much concerned about how they look. Physical activities are conducive to the growth and development of physique. Workouts in gym are becoming a must for all the youngsters of today. This develops their outer personality which creates a good impression. 

(b) Social interactions: Physical activities and sports provide opportunities of interaction between athletes coming from different regions, speaking different languages, having different castes and religions. This helps an individual to develop multi-dimensional personality. Moral values through sports is responsible for development of sound and ideal character, a very essential attribute of personality. 

(c) Analytic thinking: This mental exercise enhances the intellectual abilities of the participants and broadens their mental horizon. It is well said that physique is of no use if not governed by analytical thinking, analyzing and interpreting new situations. 

(d) Disciplined and assertive: In sports one learns to make sincere efforts, which reflect positively in the development of an individual's personality. Code of discipline is fundamental in learning of any physical activity and effective participation in sports. 

(e) Well balanced individual: Physical activities also provide recreation which go a long way in producing a perfectly happy, satisfied and balanced individual having a pleasing and energetic personality, zest for life experiences. Physical activities and sports are the basic needs of human beings which help in the development of a well balanced personality.

Intrinsic means something inherent. Instrinsic motivated behaviour is a behaviour which is guided by a person's innate need to feel competent and self-determining in dealing with his or her environment. It comes from within, a feeling of pure enjoyment or satisfaction and provide a sense of personal competence.

The author reached Antarctica after a very long journey. So her first reaction on reaching there was that she felt relieved. Then immediately she was filled with wonder at the immensity and isolation of the place.

लेखिका बहुत लम्बी यात्रा करके अंटार्कटिका पहुँची थी। इसलिए वहाँ पहुँचने पर उसकी प्रथम प्रतिक्रिया यह थी कि उसने राहत महसूस की। फिर तुरन्त वह उस स्थान की विशालता व एकाकीपन पर आश्चर्य से भर उठी।

The author on her expedition to Antarctica was a part of the ‘Students on Ice’ programme. The programme was successful in the way that it made the students feel that the threat of global warming is real.

लेखिका अपनी अंटार्कटिका यात्रा के अभियान पर ‘Students on Ice’ कार्यक्रम का हिस्सा थी। यह कार्यक्रम इस रूप में सफल रहा कि इसने छात्रों को महसूस करा दिया कि वैश्विक गर्मी का खतरा वास्तविक है।

Stress can be defined as a situation which creates imbalance between the person and his environment. It is normally a physical response to events that makes one feel threatened. Whenever a person faces a threat, the hypothalamus sets off an alarm system in the body. e.g. stress of work pressure, failing to perform better in competitions, etc.

Personality is derived from latin word 'Persona' meaning 'the mask'. It means the outer edge of the self or how one appears to others. The word personality conveys the meaning of one's physical appearance, his habits, his ways of dressing up, his reputation, his manners and similar characteristics.

In sports, aggression is a characteristic that can have a negative or positive impact on performance. Aggression is defined as "any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another live being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

(i) physical

(ii) verbal

(iii) mental

(iv) emotional

Examples:

Physical - hitting or pushing

Verbal - harsh in speech

Mental - strain, anxiety

Emotional - feeling of dejection or hatred

Cognitive aspect of stress: Stress is usually a mental pressure caused by fatigue or excessive work. Constant stress will effect the mind and the body. It can lead to physical and mental problems. Whenever you are stressed beyond a certain point, it can start damaging your well-being. We call it as cognitive aspect of stress. 

Cognitive aspect of stress comprises: 

(a) inability to concentrate 

(b) Poor judgement 

(c) Seeing only negative aspects 

(d) Anxiety or racing thoughts or constant worrying.

(a) Inability to concentrate: When the mind is stressed it leads to mental distraction which reduces the ability to concentrate. 

(b) Seeing only negative aspects: It is rightly said that we become the way we think. When our brain focusses on negative things the cognitive development will be full of criticism.

Three techniques to overcome stress are:

(a) Avoid people who stress you: Limit the amount of time you spend or slowly end the relationship entirely with a person who causes stress. 

(b) Manage your time better: Plan the things well in advance and do not overload yourself. Do not occupy yourself with work as per schedule. 

(c) Focus on positive thinking: Negative thinking always creates stress and tension. 'Letting go' attitude is much better and focus on things that can bring positivity. Positive thinking brings the stress level down. 

(d) Get enough sleep: Adequate amount of rest and sleep fuels your mind as well as your body. Feeling tired will increase the risk of stress. 

(e) Keep your goal within your reach: Sometimes we set so high an aim which is difficult to achieve. We must know about our capabilities and then set realistic goals otherwise it may lead to chronic stress. 

(f) Learn to forgive: All human beings make mistakes so one must learn to forgive to free oneself from negative energy and move ahead in life. 

(g) Go for recreation: It is the best way to engage yourself in sports and remove any kind of tension and stress in your life. It recharges your batteries.

Procedure of Autogenic as technique for anxiety management: In simple terms it is autohypnosis. It consists of a series of mental exercises to bring about sensation of heaviness in the limbs, imagination of relaxing senses, general warmth in the body and giving suggestions to the mind that the body is relaxed. Such mental activity enables the athlete to improve the execution and precision of the given skill or task by thinking and imagining about it. This way an athlete can organize himself in a better way. Mental rehearsal of competitive situations certainly helps in improving an athlete's emotional state of mind as well as his physical performance. We also call it training from within.

Methods to control sports anxiety are:

(a) Training from within (Autogenic training): It consists of a series of mental exercises to bring about general warmth in the body. When we experience a negative thought of losing or someone doing better than us the anxiety level goes high. Here we have to start with a positive thinking that we will do our best. We have to set a picture in our mind by stopping negative thoughts and giving self-suggestions to mind. This process is difficult as one needs to have full control over one's mind and feelings. 

(b) Breathing technique: This technique is best to reduce or manage anxiety. A player is tense, stressed, under pressure before any sport. Deep breath or concentrating in deep inhalation helps to relax our muscles, release tension. Do it slowly and calmly. Take a deep breathe again and allow your whole body to relax. As we breathe out, anxiety is controlled and we can give out our best. 

(c) Meditation: This method is the yogic practice of developing concentration on a specific thought or object. It can be used to remove anxiety and remain focussed on the game or sport. It is a good method to remove excessively heavy. useless and troublesome thoughts or experiences from our mind. 

(d) Psycho-Somatic Adjustment: Adjustment of bodily processes is impossible without the control of cognitive processes. During anxiety change is witnessed in heartbeat, respiration and muscular tension etc., Adjustment and control of these functions bring about corresponding changes in the tone. Here the attempt is to make a person feel relaxed by and control his thinking process. 

(e) Bio-feedback: It is a strategy based on the premise that a human being with practise can voluntarily control and modify autonomic activity of the body. With this technique one learns to monitor through auditory or visual signals his heart rate and experiment with feelings, thoughts and sensations which can help him stabilize the working of his heart under highly stressful conditions. It acts as an objective device for providing a direction on which the athlete may focus his attention. 

(f) Visualisation: Imagery or mental process is an important ingredient of mental practise, mental rehearsal and cognitive rehearsal and visualization technique. Imagining a scene on the mental screen not only creates a permanent image on the mind but also helps the individual to translate it into real performance. This concept helps an athlete to put a sudden stop to negative thoughts and replace them with more useful and positive thoughts. Mental practice of skill under social stresses has been successfully used to overcome external as well as internal forces and factors in games and competitions. 

(g) Cognitive strategies: A certain behaviour is associated with certain situations. factors which might be anxiety producing. We call it behaviour modification strategy. One needs to have some guidance from an expert usually a trained and competent sports psychologist. It is a highly difficult technique and takes several years of practise to control our thought process. 

Conclusion: Use of anxiety management technique is greatly dependent on the type of athlete, his level of experience, intelligence, coach and facilities. No single technique is flawless.

Various definitions are: 

According to Gordon W Allport: "Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine the individual's unique adjustment to the environment." 

According to J.B. Watson: "Personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information. " 

According to Carl Pearson: "Personality is the effect on others of a living being's appearance and behaviour so far as they are interpreted as distinctive signs of that being."

(a) Activity method of learning: Learning bi, doing itself is a great motivational factor. The thrill of personal experience and success maintains the desire of an individual to continue the activity.

(b) Personality of teacher/coach: Personal upkeep of teacher/coach, his skill/ability to demonstrate, creative teaching procedures, patience, impartiality and above all, his ability to communicate, brings about intensive motivation among students. 

(c) Audio-visual aids: Thrill of competition, watching films, matches. charts. graphs, etc. are conducive to better motivation. 

(d) Rewards and punishments-material rewards: In terms of cash awards of valuable things and social rewards, in terms of promotion, praise, honours, etc, are important motivational factors. On the other hand, punishment which is based on fear or failure, physical pain, rejection, losing prestige and so on, serves as preventive motivation. But extreme punishment plays a negative role in motivational process. There should be a judicious use of punishment.

(a) Players are mentally ready for game/sports to be played. 

(b) It creates confidence within them to perform better. 

(c) Mental make up, assertive and firm determination towards the task is the psychological benefit. 

(d) It improves the concentration required for the main task. 

(e) Human performance is directly related to psychological factors such as perception, emotional stability, motivation, intelligence 

(f) Mental preparation before or during the competition helps to give the best outcome, otherwise it will limit an individual's performance.

Anxiety plays an important role in sports. It is an essential ingredient of any competitive situation. Without certain level of anxiety, there cannot be competitive performance. Adequate level of anxiety produces best result in sports with the help of sports psychology. The threshold of anxiety level differs from athlete to athlete and from situation to situation in the same athlete. Whether in life or in sports anxiety is known to play an important role as a negative factor. We must learn variety of defence mechanism or resorting to certain psychic and somatic relaxation techniques. Unless athletes learn how to cope with stressful and competitive situations and manage anxiety with or without assistance from coach, they would not be able to give outstanding performance. 

Yes, I fully agree with in statement that adolescence is an age of stress and strain. The period of passage from childhood to adulthood is a time of dramatic physical, cognitive and social changes. The early adolescence is called the age of awkwardness in physical appearance due to rapid and disproportionate growth in size, shape, height and weight. They are naturally more pre-occupied with their physical appearance. Psychologically this is a period of adjustment with the physical and social changes which distinguish childhood behaviour from adult behaviour. This variation in body built becames a source of disturbance for many adoloescents. 

(a) At this stage the child tries to solve various kinds of issues on his own. Because of not finding the right solution he may take a wrong decision which can create a lot of stress or mental problem. 

(b) Pressure of studies, result, competitive exams, goal setting and achieving it through hard phases of life, can also cause lot of stress and tension to adolescents. 

(c) There are many other situations which create lot of stress and depression in adolescents such as when compared with others, lot of changes in mood, get easily irritated, when he desires for independence but not given, emotional disturbances etc.

If a magnet is carefully and repeatedly cut, it would expose two new faces with opposite poles such that each piece would still be a magnet. This suggests that magnetic fields are essentially dipolar in character. The most elementary magnetic structure always behaves as a pair of two magnetic poles of opposite types and of equal strengths. Hence, analogous to an electric dipole, we hypothesize that there are positive and negative magnetic charges (or north and south poles) of equal strengths a finite distance apart within a magnet. Also, they are assumed to act as the source of the magnetic field in exactly the same way that electric charges act as the source of electric field. The magnitude of each ‘magnetic charge’ is referred to as its ‘pole strength’ and is equal to q_m = \(\frac{M}{2l}\), where \(\overrightarrow{M}\) is the magnetic dipole moment, pointing from the negative (or south, S) pole to the positive (or north, N) pole.

However, while two types of electric charges exist in nature and have separate existence, isolated magnetic charges, or magnetic monopoles, are not observed. A magnetic pole is not an experimental fact: there are no real poles. To put it in another way, there are no point sources for \(\overrightarrow{B}\), as there are for \(\overrightarrow{E}\); there exists no magnetic analog to electric charge. Every experimental effort to demonstrate the existence of magnetic charges has failed. Hence, magnetic poles are called fictitious.

The electric field diverges away from a (positive) charge; the magnetic field line curls around a current. Electric field lines originate on positive charges and terminate on negative ones; magnetic field lines do not begin or end anywhere, they typically form closed loops or extend out to infinity.

Answer is (C) Mercury

Answer is (C) 6000°C

Permeability of free space or vacuum, µ₀ = 4π × 10^-7 H/m.

Earlier SI (2006) had fixed this value of µ₀ as exact but revised SI fixes the value of e, requiring µ₀ (and ε₀ ) to be determined experimentally.

Answer is (B) Earth

The center of the solar system is sun

‘Clean India Mission’ is a campaign started by the Government of India on a national level. The main aim of this mission is to clean the roads, streets and public places of our country. This was launched on 2nd October 2014 (Gandhi Jayanti).

Proper cleanliness is not possible without proper cleaning equipment.

1. Soap

2. plastic

3. dustbin

4. toilets.

They accumulate the wastes in a Draper place far from the city.

(b) 2nd october 2014

A cleaning machine and a modem mop.

They should use the facilities of public toilet made by the government.

Yes, many people in our locality go for defecation in the open. I will request them to construct a separate toilet in their home.

They face the problems of deficiency of vehicles and machines. They fall sic c for working in unhealthy conditions.

Bhabi was not ready to go for defecation in the open

Soaps remove the dirt which create disease. Hence it is necessary to wash our hands with soap after defecation.

If the trash around our school is not cleaned continuously for one week, it wili give bad odour in the surroundings of our school. Also, due to mosquitos and flies, disease will spread around us.

(c) Chandigarh

Cleaner collects garbage for our home.

Open defecation creates environmental pollution. Flies make our food dirty which create many diseases. By eating this food, we may catch many diseases.

B) concave mirror

Paper, cardboard, old clothes, wrappers of chocolates, polythene, newspaper, glass bottle, containers of plastic etc. can be reused.

When a woman follow parda system inside and outside her home, she cannot go for defecation in the open. It is completely against her self-respect.

C) concave mirror

Martha said so because the argument she overheard between Mr. Schmidt and Mr. Boone was about herself, about the giving of the scholarship jacket. When she was called to the principal’s office she knew why she was being called.

She was shocked because the principal told her that she would have to pay 15 dollars if she wanted the jacket. Until that year it was given free to the best student.

She was pencil thin, without any curve anywhere. She was called ‘beanpole’ and ‘string bean’.

Mr. Boone was arguing in Joann’s favour because her father was a Board member and owns the only store in town.

Cheating, causing grievous injury to another person – were the charges levelled against the accused.

He was uncomfortable and unhappy because that year a new rule was brought by the Board that the student who is to be given the scholarship jacket should pay an amount of 15 dollars. He knew that Martha deserved the jacket, but since she was too poor to pay, the jacket will have to be given to someone else. He knew it was a ploy by a Board member to enable his daughter Joann to get the jacket.

He refused to pay the money because he thought that if she pays for it, it will not be a scholarship jacket anymore.