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The following types of computer are available: 

1. Supercomputer 

2. Mainframe computer 

3. Minicomputer 

4. Microcomputer 

5. Laptop 

6. Palmtop computer 

7. Embedded computer

Banking: 

In the banking sector, computers provide a lot of facilities to the customers. Listing online banking, you can check your past transactions from the date of account opening with real – time balance. Money can be transferred to any account across the * globe. Internet banking also allows you to use ATM or debit card to shop, buy tickets, pay bills for utility services like electricity, telephone and postpaid mobiles. You can even subscribe to free monthly bank account statements and apply online to open fixed deposits. 

Library: 

A computer helps to maintain the records of the issue and deposit date of books, encyclopedias, CDs etc. It also helps in indexing and searching a particular book. Various magazines and journals can be read online.

B. to buy his old father some sake.

Taro lived with his old parents on a lonely hillside.

C. she wanted to tell the whole village about the waterfall.

If the businessman borrows money from financial institutions like banks it has to mortgage its assets. If the business can retain its profit it can keep its assets free of burden of mortgage.

‘Medium-term finance refers to finance required for a period of one year to five years. It is the finance required for permanent or regular working capital, replacement of worn-out machines, heavy repairs to buildings, heavy advertising changes on a special advertising campaign, small expansion and modernization and also for meeting long-term needs for which long-term finance cannot be quickly arranged.

Need of business finance:

A businessman needs capital to conduct all the business activities effectively and on time.

Following points clarify the need of business finance:
1. For establishing business:

• Several activities need to be done and documents to be prepared and submitted for starting a business.
  Expenses are incurred on conducting primary and detailed research, preparing documents like certificate of registration and incorporation, etc.
• The businessman also needs to hire experts of legal procedures, registration procedures, etc. Businessman need to pay fees and charges at several stages of the establishment and also pay fees to these industry experts.

2. For purchasing fixed assets:

• Assets such as land, building, furniture, machinery, etc. which are purchased for long-term business use and are not likely to be converted quickly into cash are called fixed assets.
• One may need huge long term finance in terms of loans to buy these assets.

3. For current assets:

• Once a business is set up it requires working capital i.e. capital to manage daily expenses. These expenses include salaries and wages, various utility bills, purchasing raw material, production and transportation charges, etc.
• Working capital can be either raised by oneself or even borrowed as loan from banks or other sources.

4. For modernization and expansion of business:

Scientific inventions and technology upgradations take place constantly across the world. This leads to faster production of newer products and quality enhancement. A businessman needs to keep pace with these changes so that he can maintain and expand his business. For this, he may have to invest in modern equipment and machineries and production methods.

5. For unforseen situations:

A business may witness many unforseen internal and external factors which may lead to financial crisis. For example, strikes, changes in government policies, changes in trade cycle, natural calamities, etc. are unforseen events that demands capital reserve.

Long-term finance refers to finance required for a period exceeding five years, usually, for a period of five to twenty years. It is required for financing the fixed capital, say for procurement of fixed assets required for the establishment of new undertaking and for major expansion and modernisation of an existing undertaking.

In the words of Palmer, “Debenture signifies an instrument under seal evidencing a debt, the essence of it being the admission of indebtedness”.

Share capital is not repaid to the share-holders as long as the company exists. If the company winds up it returns the share capital after paying off all its business debts. That too if company has money.

b. dividends.

Share-holders can earn dividend, may get bonus shares and sell shares and earn profit.

b. factor accounts receivable.

d. first mortgage bond.

c. commercial paper.

“Finance is that business activity which is concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital fund in meeting the financial needs and overall objectives of business enterprises.” – B.O. Wheeler

Correct option is (C) Interest

Suppose a company needs ₹ 1,00,00,000 (₹ 1 crore) as capital from shares. The company divides this amount into 10 lakh shares of ₹ 10 each. This means that the price of one share, (part) of this company is ₹ 10 and the share capital is divided into 1 lakh shares.

The company first estimates the total capital it needs to raise through share capital. Then it divides the figure of share capital in small parts called ‘shares’. It then invites public to subscribe for these shares against the set price.

Equity shareholders get return only when profits is left after paying interest on debentures and fixed return on preference shares. Therefore, it is called risk capital as it bears maximum risk.

Various sources of long term funds include: Equity shares, preference shares, debentures, retained earnings, loans from financial institutions, loans from commercial banks etc.

Global Depository Receipts (GDRs): GDR is an instrument issued by a company to raise funds in some foreign currency and is listed and traded on a foreign stock exchange. 

American Depository Receipts (ADRs): The depository receipts issued by the company in the USA are called American Depository Receipts. GDR and ADR are similar to each other except:

• GDR can be issued to anyone but ADRs can be issued only to an American citizen. 
• GDR can be listed and traded in stock exchange of any country but ADRs can be listed and traded only in the stock exchange of USA.

• Commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for the financing of accounts receivable, inventories and meeting short-term liabilities. 
• Maturities on commercial paper can range up to 365 days. The debt is usually issued at a discount, reflecting prevailing market interest rates. 
• Commercial paper is not usually backed by any form of collateral, so only firms with high-quality debt ratings will easily find buyers without having to offer a substantial discount (higher cost) for the debt issue.

Advantages and Limitations of Commercial Paper Advantages:

• For the most part, commercial paper is a very safe investment because the financial situation of a company can easily be predicted over a few months. 
• Typically only companies with high credit ratings and credit worthiness issue commercial paper. Hence the companies issuing them enjoy (a) the prestige associated with such issuance and (b) the ability to issue large quantum without much hassles like other types of financing which requires restrictions from regulatory bodies. 
• Interest rate is generally lower compared to others like bank loans and other types of short term financing

Disadvantage:

It does not have any flexibility with regard to repayments.

1. Cost 

2. Financial capacity to the firms

1. Loans and Advances: Loan is a direct advance made in lump sum which is credited to a separate loan account in the name of borrower. The borrower can withdraw the entire amount in cash immediately.

2. Bank Overdraft: Bank overdraft refers to an arrangement whereby the bank allows the customers to overdraw the required amount from its current deposit account within a specified limit.

3. Discounting Bills of Exchange: When goods are sold on credit, the suppliers generally draw bills of exchange upon customers who are required to accept it.

4. Trade Credit: Trade credit is the credit extended by one trader to another for the purpose of purchasing goods and sendees. Purchaser need not pay money immediately after the purchase.

5. Pledge: A customer transfers the possession of an article with the creditor (banker) and receives loan. Till the repayment of loan, the article is under the custody of the borrower. If the debtor fails to refund the loan, creditor (banker) will auction the article pawned and adjust the outstanding loan from the sale proceeds.

6. Hypothecation: This is loan taken by depositing document of title to the property with the banker. Of course the physical possession of asset property is with the borrower. If the borrower fails to repay the loan amount, the article hypothecated will be sold in auction by the banker concerned.

Commercial paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument in the form of a promissory note. It was introduced in India in 1990 under Section 45 W of the Reserve Bank of India Act.

Debentures are similar to shares, however, debenture holders do not have voting rights on how the business is run. 

Debentures have certain merits and demerits from business as well as debenture holders point of view. 

These are explained below:

Advantages to Debenture Holders

• They receive annual interest/ benefits (VIP status or free passes) regardless of whether or not the business is making money.

Disadvantages to Debenture Holders

• No say in how the business will run.

• Greatly depends on the business’ success to reuse it’s value.

Advantages to Business

• Provides good long-term finance without losing control of the business.

Disadvantages to Business

• Firm increases the amount of long-term liabilities raising the amount of interest payments to the lenders.

The principal components of table are:

1. Table number

2. Title and Head note

Presentation of data means exhibition of the data in a clear and attractive manner.

Tabulation is a process of arranging the qualitative data In a systematic manner into rows and columns.

The different kinds of tables are:

1. General purpose table

2. Special purpose table

3. Original table

4. Derived table

5. Simple or one way table

6. Complex table.

A table is a systematic organisation of data in columns and rows.

Soviet system became so weak and Soviet economy stagnant due to the following reasons: 

1. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining nuclear and military arsenals. 

2. Soviet economy concentrated on the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe especially in the five central Asian Republics. 

3. This led to a huge economic burden on people to be coped up with. 

4. Ordinary citizens became more knowledgeable about the economic advancement of the West and backwardness of Soviet system.

The USSR came into existence after the Socialist revolution in Russia in 1917 with the inspiration of socialism and a need of egalitarian society who opposed capitalism. This was considered the biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and to design a society based on equality.

Shock Therapy affected trade and commerce of Russia in the following manner: 

1. The value of Ruble, the Russian ’ currency declined. 

2. Inflation rose at a very high rate and it lost all savings of people. 

3. Lack of productivity and technology created shortage of food which increased food imports every year. 

4. The GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999.

1. (i)  Soviet system was bureaucratic and authoritarian making life difficult for citizens.

  (ii) Soviet system lacked democracy and the freedom of speech of people was also snatched away. 

2. 15 Republics.

3. Russia. 

4. (i) Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions. 

    (ii) Soviet Union was unaccountable to people. 

    (iii) Soviet Union refused 15 republics to manage their own affairs.

1. Czechoslovakia split into two with Czechs and Slovaks. 

2. Balkan republics of Yugoslavia. 

3. Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Herzegovina. 

4. (i) Ethnic Serbs opposed the breakirigup of several provinces independently following a massacre of non-verb Bosnians. 

    (ii) NATO intervention and bombing on Yugoslavia.

India is maintaining good relations with the Communist countries. Even now India has strong relations with Russia. Indo Russian relations are an integral part of India’s foreign policy. These relations are warm because of mutual interests. Indian actors from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachan are well known and respected in Russia.

• India and Russia have the same views regarding cooperation, security regionalism, international disputes, and strengthening of the United Nations. 
• There are many bilateral agreements between India and Russia. In 2001 both the countries signed the Indo Russian Strategic Treaty. 
• Russia helps us in the problems like the Kashmir Issue. In things like energy distribution, sharing Information Technology, steps against terrorism, relations with China etc. both countries have mutual agreement.
• India gets military hardware mainly from Russia.
• Russia helps India in all possible ways. Even when India has no problems, Russia continues to help us. 
• India often imports a lot of its energy needs from Russia. From Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan also India buys oil.
• Russia has a big role in India’s atomic energy planning.
• Russia gives India cryogenic engines for its space activities.India and Russia work hand in hand in many scientific schemes.

The three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US, can be summed up as follows: 

1. Soviet economy experienced a complex communication network, vast energy resources and an efficient transport sector to connect its remotest areas. 

2. Soviet Union industries produced every domestic product from pin to cars, whose quality might not match with that of the west technology. 

3. Soviet Union ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. Consequently Government subsidized basic necessities including health, education, children and other welfare schemes. 

4. There was an absence of unemployment in Soviet Union. 

5. Land and productive assets were owned by the state only.

Step1 – Start GNUKhata (Application → Oce → GNUKhata) 

Step 2 – Click on “Create Organisation”. 

Step 3 – Enter Organisation Name (JOSHWIN ZIAN Enterprises), Press Enter/Tab 

Step 4 – Select the case, Use down arrow key to select any one of the case and press Enter

Step 5 – Select organisation type – ‘Prot making’ and press Enter/Tab 

Step 6 – Enter From date – 01-01-2018, Press Enter 

Step 7- Skip the box of Inventory 

Step 8 – Click on Proceed or Press Enter to open Create Admin window 

Step 9 – Enter user Name – Appu, Password – Appose and Press Enter/ Tab 

Step 10 – Enter security Question – “Best friends’s Name’, Press Enter/Tab 

Step 11 – Enter Answer to security Question Chikku, Press Enter to Login as Admin 

Step 12 – Select Edit organisation particulars from Master Menu 

Step13 – Enter Organisation – 1234, MC Road, Velappaya, TCr, and Click on Save

Procedure: Step 1 – Start GNUKhata Applications → Oce → GNUKhata 

Step 2 – Create New Organisation Click on ‘Create Organisation’ Tab Enter the following informations. 

Organisation Name: TALLMEN WELFARE ASSOCATION 

Case: As-Is 

Organisation type: Not for Profit 

Financial year: 1-1 -2018 to 31-12-2018 

Inventory: (Leave it blank) 

Click on the Proceed button. Now the organisation is created 

Step 3 – Create Admin and Login Press Enter or Alt+Shift+P to Open Create Admin module.

User Name: Visal 

Password: TCR2018 

Confirm Password: Retype the password 

Security Question: Mothers’ Maiden name 

Answer to the security Question: Meenakshy

Press enter to Login as Admin 

Step 4 – Select Edit organisation Particulars from Master Menu. Enter the address of the organisation. Press Enter key to save the details. 

Output:

Procedure: 

Step 1 – Start GNUKhata Applications → Oce → GNUKhata 

Step 2 – Create New Organisation Click on ‘Create 

Organisation’ Tab Enter the following informations. 

Organisation Name: Mahindra Enterprises 

Case: As-Is 

Organisation Type: Profit Making

Financial year: 1-04-2018 to 31-3-2019 

Inventory : (Leave it blank)

Click on the Proceed button, is created. Now the organisation

Step 3 – Create Admin and Login Press Enter or Alt+Shift+P to Open Create Admin module. 

User Name: Vinesh 

Password: Vinumon Conrm 

Password: Retype the password 

Security Question: Best friend’s name? Answer to the 

security Question: Rohit 

Press enter to log in as Admin

Step 4 – Select Edit organisation Particulars from Master Menu. Enter the address of the organisation 

Press Enter key to save the details. 

Output:

(c) Welcome screen

(d) None of these

(d) All the above

Stage 1:

Step 1 → Click on Master tab.

Step 2 → Select Edit account option from the drop down list. 

Step 3 → Select Stock at the beginning from the edit account window. 

Step 4 → Click on Edit Button. 

Step 5 → Enter opening balance amount. 

Step 6 → Click on Save button to save the amount

Stage 2: 

Step 1 → Click on Transaction tab. 

Step 2 → Select Journal option to activate Journal Voucher. 

Step 3 → Enter voucher number. 

Step 4 → Enter opening date. 

Step 5 → Select Opening stock a/c in Dr. Account and enter opening stock amount. 

Step 6 → Select stock at the beginning a/c in the Cr. account and enter the opening stock amount. 

Step 7 → Give narration. 

Step 8 → Click on Save button or Press Enter key.

1. Only trained employees can use GNUKhata. 

2. Updations and additions in GNUKhata Software may seriously affect the accounting system.