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A systematic approach to determining the optimum use of scarce resources, which includes comparison of two or more options in achieving a specific purpose, lie under the assumptions and constraints. Economic analysis takes into consideration the fundamental costs of resources in account and attempts to measure personal and social costs and the benefit of the community or the economy in monetary terms. 

The key assumptions of economics analysis are given below:

(i) On the Basis of Dependence
(a) Partial Analysis : When economic analysis is done while considering a single factor, it is called Partial Analysis. For example, the study of demand, in relation to commodity price.
(b) General Analysis : When economic analysis is done considering multiple factors, it is called General Analysis. For example, the demand of commodity in relation to its prices as well as other factors.

(ii) On the Basis of Time Element
(a) Static Analysis : When economic analysis is done on the basis of particular point of time, it is called Static Analysis.
(b) Comparative Analysis : When economic analysis is done on the basis of two points of time, it is called Comparative Analysis.
(c) Dynamic Analysis : When economic analysis is done on the basis of changes in equilibrium of services, it is called Dynamic Analysis.

(iii) On the Basis of Tools and Direction
(a) Deductive Method : When economic analysis is done on the basis of general truth or the economic analysis of a specific individual unit.
(b) Inductive Method: When economic analysis is done on the basis of reasoning (logic). We proceed in this method from reasoning to a study of facts and verifications of conclusions arrived at. The process of logic is from general to particular.

H_α, H_β, H_γ, and H_δ

Electromagnetic waves.

400 nm to 750 nm.

10.97 × 10⁶ m^-1

Orbital is a three dimensional region in space around the nucleus in which the probability of finding an electron is maximum.

The Correct option is B. λ =h/p

Two electrons.

Negative sign for the energy of an electron in any orbit in a hydrogen atom indicates that the energy of the electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. 

A free-electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away from the nucleus and is assigned the energy value of zero.

As the electron gets close to the nucleus, value of ‘n’ decreases and E_n becomes large in absolute value and more negative. 

The negative sign corresponds to attractive forces between electron and nucleus.

The negative sign in the energy expression appears because the energy of a free electron at rest is taken as zero. Such an electron would be at infinite distance away from the nucleus and would not experience any force of attraction towards it. As it comes closer, it experiences stronger and stronger attractive force and its energy would decrease. Since it is less than zero, it would have negative sign. The energy of the electron would be lowest in the orbit with n = 1 and this most stable state is known as the ground level. If the electron has to jump to the next orbit with n = 2, some energy must be given to it to overcome the attractive force of the nucleus. Thus in the second orbit, the energy of the electron is greater than is the first. Similarly, as the electron shifts from the second to the third, fourth and so as, its energy would increase.

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom = Number of electrons in the extra nuclear part of the electrically neutral atom.

Characteristics of a wave

• Wavelength (\(\lambda\)). It is the distance between any two consecutive crests or troughs. It is expressed in Å, m, cm, pm or nm,. (1 Å = 10^-10m or 10^-8 cm,1 nm = 10^-9 m, 1 pm = 10^-12m).
• Frequency (\(\upsilon\)). It is equal to number of waves passing through a point in one second. Units are hertz or s^-1 (1Hz = 1s^-1).
• Velocity (c). It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second Relationship between c, \(\upsilon\,and \, \lambda\,:\,c=\,\upsilon\,\times\, \lambda \)
• Amplitude (a). It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough.
• Wave number (\(\bar \upsilon\)). It is equal to reciprocal of wavelength\(\left(\bar \upsilon=\frac{1}{\lambda}\right)\)
• Electromagnetic spectrum. It is the arrangement of electromagnetic radiations in order of increasing wavelengths .

Cosmic rays <γ-rays<X-rays<UV<visible<IR<Microwaves<Radiowaves

Mass number (A)

Number of protons + Number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

\(\Delta v\) = 800 x \(\frac{0.005}{100}\) = 0.04 ms^-1

According to Heisenberg uncertainty principle,

\(\Delta \mathrm{x}\times m\Delta v\) = \(\frac{h}{4\pi}\)

\(\therefore\) \(\Delta \mathrm{x}\) = \(\frac{h}{4\pi m.\Delta v}\)

= \(\frac{6.626\times10^{-34}kgm^2s^{-1}}{4\times3.14\times9.1\times10^{-31}kg\times0.04ms^{-1}}\)

= \(\frac{6.626\times10^{-34}}{4.572\times10^{-31}}\)

= 1.449 × 10³ m

= 1.45 × 10⁻³ m

Correct option is B) Opaque

Homothallic and Monoecious: When an organism has both male and female reproductive organs. 

E.g Fungi, maize plants, Coconut plant

The plant in which both the sex organs are in same flower.

Language ceases to be an honest method of exchange when it is cheapened so much that people fail to differentiate between the language meant to be a lie and the language meant to be a truth. In the end, all utterance is disbelieved. Advertising · brings about such a situation.

भाषा तब आदान-प्रदान का सच्चा तरीका नहीं बनी रहती जब इसे इतना सस्ता बना दिया जाता है। कि लोग झूठ के लिए काम में ली जाने वाली भाषा तथा सत्य के लिए प्रयुक्त भाषा में अन्तर नहीं कर पाते। अन्त में समस्त भाषा ही अविश्वसनीय बन जाती है। विज्ञापनबाजी ऐसी स्थिति पैदा कर देती है।

(a) They asked me whether/if I could type.

(b) They asked me if I had a job before.

(c) They asked me how long I had been working in my present job.

(d) They asked me what my interests were.

(e) They asked me what had made me apply for that job.

According to the writer they are fed by the makers of undesired things

लेखक के अनुसार उन्हें अनचाही वस्तुओं के निर्माता भोजन खिलाते हैं।

Advertising induces people to use more things than they naturally desire. It befools people into buying the most useless and undesirable articles. Thus advertising creates want where want does not exist.

विज्ञापन का कार्य लोगों को उनकी स्वाभाविक आवश्यकता से अधिक चीजें काम में लेने को प्रेरित करता है। यह लोगों को मूर्ख बनाकर उन्हें सर्वाधिक अनुपयोगी एवं अवांछनीय वस्तुएँ खरीदने को तैयार करता है। इस प्रकार विज्ञापन का कार्य वहाँ भी आवश्यकता पैदा कर देता है जहाँ आवश्यकता होती ही नहीं।

People appreciate the services done by others and gladly pay them for their services. On the other hand, an advertising person does nothing but induce people to buy unnecessary, useless and undesired things. An advertising person destroys the good and beautiful things, whereas others create them.

लोग अन्य लोगों की सेवाओं की प्रशंसा करते हैं तथा उन्हें उनकी सेवाओं के बदले प्रसन्नतापूर्वक धन चुकाते हैं। दूसरी ओर एक विज्ञापन करने वाला व्यक्ति लोगों को अनावश्यक, अनुपयोगी तथा अवांछित वस्तुएँ खरीदने हेतु लुभाने के अतिरिक्त और कुछ नहीं करता। विज्ञापन का व्यक्ति अच्छी एवं सुन्दर चीजों को नष्ट करता है किन्तु अन्य लोग इनकी रचना करते हैं।

The word ‘redundancy’ as used in sentence, 

(i) has the meaning-superfluous, not needed.

Example : The industry is facing the problem of redundancy. (The problem of unneeded or superfluous labour). The word ‘redundancy’ in sentence

(ii) has the meaning ‘use of words which repeat the sense and, therefore, not needed’.

Example : The money he earned was adequate enough. Here the word enough’ is redundant as it has the same meaning as ‘adequate’. Hence, there is redundancy.

[वाक्य (i) में शब्द redundancy का अर्थ है, आवश्यकता से अधिक, अनावश्यक। वाक्य 

(ii) में इसका अर्थ है, ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग जो अर्थ को दोहराते हों और इस कारण अनावश्यक हों।]

He induces human beings to want things they don’t want.

वह मनुष्यों को उन चीजों की इच्छा करने की प्रेरणा देता है जिनकी इच्छा वे नहीं करते।

(a) subsistence crop

(b) subsistence level

(c) subsistence allowance

(d) subsistence farming

(e) subsistence department

(f) means of subsistence.

He questioned their right to food by asking them what they did to deserve it.

उसने उन लोगों के भोजन के अधिकार पर यह पूछते हुए प्रश्न चिह्न लगाया कि भोजन के अधिकारी बनने हेतु वे क्या करते थे।

He induces people to want things they don’t want. The services given by others are useful to the society.

वह लोगों को अनचाही वस्तुओं को चाहने हेतु उकसाता है। अन्य लोगों द्वारा दी गयी सेवाएँ समाज के लिए उपयोगी होती हैं।

He advised them to redeem their wonderful lives by giving up advertising at once.

लेखक ने उन्हें उनके शानदार जीवन को विज्ञापन कार्य को त्याग कर पुनः प्राप्त करने की सलाह दी।

 An example of such a speech is given here –

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising
Advertising is the backbone of today’s commercial, social, cultural and political activities. No activity, of whatever kind, in any field of life can be successful without a communication between the producer and the consumer of that activity. Unless the consumer is well-informed about a product, no manufacturer or producer will be able to sell it.

On the other hand, the consumer, must have the knowledge about the product, its good points vis-a-vis other products in the market as well as the price quoted by different manufacturers. Only then he will be able to make an informed choice. Thus, advertising becomes a necessity for both the manufacturer and the consumer. A manufacturer has to display the plus points of his product and a consumer has to be well-informed about his own needs as well as the products in the market that meet those needs. This makes advertising a two-way traffic.

Advantages of Advertising – Advantages of advertising can be briefly stated like

1. Advertising informs the consumer about a product so that he can decide if it is suitable to his needs or not.

2. By advertising the manufacturer comes into direct contact with the consumer and the need of the middle-man is lessened.

3. Prices being advertised in advance avert the possibility of the consumer getting overcharged.

4. Manufacturers have to improve the quality of their products to stay in the market.

5. Consumers are benefited by better quality of products and their standard of living goes up.

6. Advertising saves a lot of time of the consumer who is in access of the relative qualities of products of different brands.

7. Advertising keeps the consumer informed about the new designs of products being newly launched in the market.

Disadvantages of Advertising –

1. Advertising adds to the costs of the products.

2. It undermines social values and often distorts them. For example, fair-skin products undermine the dignity of dark-skinned persons and mislead the society.

3. It confuses the buyers.

4. Inferior products are sold off through aggressive advertising.

5. Some advertisements are in bad tastes. They offend sensitive people.

\(\mu = \sqrt{n(n + 2)}\)

\(=\sqrt{2(2 + 2)}\)

\(=\sqrt{8}\)

= 2.84 B.M.

According to the essayist, money is nothing but an exchange token. We get things in exchange.

निबंधकार के अनुसार धन एक अदला-बदली का माध्यम है। हम धन के बदले चीजें प्राप्त करते हैं।

The more useless and undesirable an article is, the greater advertising effort will be needed to dispose of it.

कोई वस्तु जितनी अनुपयोगी एवं अवांछनीय होगी उसे खपाने में उतना ही अधिक प्रयास करना पड़ेगा।

According to the writer, advertising (creation of want) is the worst sort of mischief.

लेखक के अनुसार विज्ञापनबाजी (आवश्यकता को पैदा करना) सबसे खराब किस्म की शरारत है।

Live With The Great Minds

Read Their Books Make Reading A Habit

Book Lovers Association

Jaipur

He satirically said that he was invited as a social ornament in place of stuffed tiger heads and trophies.

उसने व्यंग्यात्मक लहजे में कहा कि उसे सामाजिक अलंकार के रूप में मृत चीतों के स्टफ्ड सिरों एवं पुरस्कारों के स्थान पर बुलाया गया था।

The greatest evil of advertising is that it spoils everything that is good and beautiful.

विज्ञापनबाज़ी की सबसे बड़ी बुराई यह है कि यह प्रत्येक अच्छी एवं सुन्दर वस्तु को बिगाड़ देती है।

(b) advertising

(b) a mischief

The writer was addressing a group of people engaged in the activity called advertising.

लेखक लोगों के एक समूह को संबोधित कर रहा था जो विज्ञापन की गतिविधि से जुड़े थे।

It spoils and yokes in the harness of commerce every good and beautiful thing.

यह प्रत्येक अच्छी एवं सुन्दर वस्तु को बिगाड़ देती है तथा उसे व्यापार के जुए में जोत देती है।

(c) Advertising

The white colour of a compound indicates the absorption of uv radiation.

He thinks that advertising only induces people to want things they don’t want. Useless and undesirable things are sold off through clever deception to the people who don’t need them. It also gives rise to social and moral evils.

लेखक सोचता है कि विज्ञापनबाजी केवल लोगों को उन वस्तुओं को चाहने को उकसाती है जिन्हें वे नहीं चाहते। अनुपयोगी एवं अवांछनीय वस्तुएँ चातुर्यपूर्ण धोखेबाजी की मदद से उन लोगों को बेच दी जाती हैं जिनकी उनको आवश्यकता नहीं होती। विज्ञापनबाजी सामाजिक एवं नैतिक बुराइयों को भी जन्म देती है।

The phrase ‘he ran as still as water’ means that ‘it began to function smoothly’.

Advertising spoils language by repetition, by artificial spellings of words and by cheapening speech.

विज्ञापनबाजी पुनरावृत्ति, शब्दों की कृत्रिम स्पेलिंग तथा भाषा को तुच्छ बना कर उसे बिगाड़ती है।

Advertising cheapens language to such an extent that it ceases to be an honest medium of exchange. Repetition, misuse of famous phrases and distortion of spellings play havoc with language. “Aurora Dawn” is an example of repetition and “Dubl-Bubl” is that of misuse of famous phrase.

विज्ञापनबाजी भाषा को उस सीमा तक सस्ता बना देती है कि यह विचार-विमर्श का सच्चा साधन नहीं रह पाती है। पुनरावृत्ति प्रसिद्ध कथनों का दुरुपयोग तथा शब्दों की स्पेलिंग का तोड़-मरोड़ा जाना भाषा के साथ खिलवाड़ करते हैं। ‘अरोरा डॉन’ पुनरावृत्ति का तथा ‘डब्ल-बब्ल’ प्रसिद्ध कथन के दुरुपयोग का उदाहरण है।

They most richly thrive on advertising for utterly useless commodities.

वे सबसे अधिक उन वस्तुओं के विज्ञापन पर फलते-फूलते हैं जो नितान्त अनुपयोगी होती हैं।

It tempts people with artistic talent with gold and money and makes sellers out of them.

विज्ञापनबाजी कलात्मक प्रतिभा वाले लोगों को सोने एवं धन से ललचाती है और उन्हें सामान विक्रेता बना देती है।