Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The total number of foreigners who visited India in 2014 was 76,79009.

Total number of heritage hotels in the country at present is 95.

They should have been built before 1950.

• Creation of employment opportunities. 
• Obtaining foreign currency.

2,46,101 tourists came to India in the year 2014 from France.

Goa, Kerala and Rajasthan.

America. Europe, Britain, France, Germany and Australia.

Planning is a method through which optimal utilization of resources is done for the prosperity of the country. It is an organised, conscious and sustainable method to achieve specific objectives/goals.

Its objectives are as follows: 

1. To reduce the difference between standards and reality. 

2. To achieve self dependence. 

3. To reduce the inequalities between interior regions and urban centers. 

4. To improve the standard of living of people.

Planning is the first of essential managerial functions. Planning is important as by nature it enquirers about organizational goals and involves decision making about desired ways and means to achieve goals.

Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the methods by which these goals are to be attained. Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making, which is choosing from among alternative future courses of action.

It is, therefore, a rational approach to achieving pre-selected objectives.

Planning is thus taken as the foundation for future activities. Newman has thus defined it as, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done; that is a plan is a projected course of action.”

So, planning can be thought of as deciding on a future course of action. It may also be treated as a process of thinking before doing it.

Management has to plan for long-range and short-range future direction by looking ahead into the future, by estimating and evaluating the future behaviour of the relevant environment and by determining the enterprise’s own desired role.

Planning involves determining various types and volumes of physical and other resources to be acquired from outside, to allocate these resources in an efficient manner among competing claims and to make arrangements for the systematic conversion of these resources into useful outputs.

As it is clear from the above discussion, plans have two basic components: goals and action statements.

Goals represent an end state — the targets and results that managers hope to achieve.

Action statements represent the means by which an organization goes ahead to attain its goals. Planning is a deliberate and conscious act by means of which managers determine a course of action for pursuing a specific goal.

Planning to a manager means thinking about what is to be done, who is going to do it, and how and when he will do it. It also involves thinking about past events (retrospectively) and about future opportunities and impending threats (prospectively).

Planning enquirers about organizational strengths and weaknesses and involves decision making about desired ways and means to achieve them.

There are, however, differences between decision making and planning. Decisions can be made without planning but planning cannot be done without making decisions.

Nature of Planning

The nature of planning can be understood by examining its four major aspects. They are;

1. It is a contribution to objectives,
2. It is primacy among the manager’s tasks.
3. It is pervasiveness, and
4. The efficiency of resulting plans.

The contribution of Planning to the Attainment of Objectives

Since plans are made to attain goals or objectives, every plan and all its support should contribute to the achievement of the organization’s purpose and objectives.

An organized enterprise exists to accomplish group objectives through willing and purposeful co-operation.

Primacy of Planning

That planning is the prime managerial function is proved by the fact that all other functions such as organizing, staffing, leading and controlling are designed to support the accomplishment of the enterprise’s objectives.

Planning quite logically, therefore, comes first before executing all other managerial functions as it involves establishing the objectives necessary for all group efforts. Also, all the other managerial functions must be planned if they are to be effective.

Likewise, planning and controlling are inextricably bound up. Control without a plan is meaningless because the plan provides the basis or standard of control.

Pervasiveness of Planning

Planning is a unique and universal function of all managers.

The character and scope of planning may vary with each manager’s authority and with the nature of the policies and plans outlined by superiors, but all managers must have some function of planning.

Because of one’s authority or position in the managerial hierarchy, one may do more or less planning, but some kind or amount of planning a manager must do.

According to Weihrich and Koontz; “All managers, from presidents to first-level supervisors – plan.”

The Efficiency of Plans

Plans should not only be effective, but also efficient. The effectiveness of a plan relates to the extent to which it accomplishes the objectives.

The efficiency of the plan, however, means its contribution to the purpose and objectives, offset by the costs and other factors required to formulate and operate it.

Plans are efficient if they achieve their objective at a reasonable cost when such a cost is the measure not only in terms of time, money or production but also in terms of satisfaction of the individual or group.

Both conceptual and practical reasons are put forward in support of planning. Two conceptual reasons supporting systematic planning by managers are limited resources and an uncertain environment.

Meeting the Challenge of Resource Scarcity

Resource scarcity is a very important consideration for any organization today. There would be no need for planning if material, financial and human resources were unlimited and cheap.

Planners in both private business and public agencies are challenged to stretch their limited resources through intelligent planning.

Otherwise, wasteful inefficiencies would give rise to higher prices, severe shortages, and great public dissatisfaction.

Facing Environmental Uncertainty

The second most important conceptual reason is that organizations continually face environmental uncertainty in the course of accomplishing the tasks.

Organizations meet this challenge largely through planning safeguards.

Some organizations do this job better than others partly because of their different patterns of response to environmental factors beyond the organization’s immediate control.

Besides, managers have several practical reasons for formulating plans for themselves, their employees, and various organizational units, viz.,

1. to offset uncertainty and change;
2. to focus organizational activity on a set of consciously created objectives;
3. to provide a coordinated, systematic roadmap for future activities;
4. to increase, economic efficiency via efficient operation; and
5. to facilitate control by establishing a standard for subsequent activities.

Planning and Performance

Although organizations that use formal planning do not always outperform those that do not plan, most studies show positive relationships between planning and performance.

Effective planning and implementation play a greater part in high performance than does the amount of planning done.

Studies have shown that when formal planning has not led to higher performance, the external environment is often the reason.

The Role of Goals and Plans in Planning

Planning is often called the primary management function because it establishes the basis for all other functions.

Planning involves two important elements: goals and plans. Goals (often called objectives) are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations.

4 Types of Plan

There are main 4 types of plan;

1. Hierarchical Plans:
   These plans are drawn at three major hierarchical levels, namely, the institutional, the managerial and the technical core. The plans for these three levels are;
   • Strategic plan.
   • Administrative or Intermediate plan.
   • Operational plans can also be categorized according to frequency or repetitiveness of use. They are broadly classified as;
2. Standing Plans:
   Standing plans are drawn to cover issues that managers face repeatedly. Such a standing plan may be called a standard operating procedure (SOP). Generally, five types of standing plans are used;
   • Mission or purpose
   • Strategy
   • Policies
   • Rules
   • Procedures
3. Single-use Plans:
   Single-use plans are prepared for single or unique situations or problems and are normally discarded or replaced after one use. Generally, four types of single-use plans are used. These are;
   • Objectives or Goals
   • Programs
   • Projects
   • Budgets
4. Contingency Plans:
   Contingency plans are made to deal with situations that might crop up if these assumptions turn out to be wrong. Thus contingency planning is the development of alternative courses of action to be taken if events disrupt a planned course of action.

In order to increase private sector participation in the tourism sector and to provide special facilities to tourists, the years 1991 and 1992 were declared as “tourism years”.

Cultural Heritage Service Scheme was initiated to create awareness towards the protection of ancient heritage among the students at the school level.

Display of items in other states in order to make people notice the art and culture of Rajasthan.

In the year 1982.

Rajasthan is one of the three major tourism states in India. Goa, Kerala and Rajasthan have the highest influx of tourists. Out of the total number of foreign tourists coming to India, one-third visit Rajasthan. The number of domestic tourists rose up from 52 lakh in 1995 to 286 lakh in 2012. Golden Triangle project was made by combining Delhi, Agra and Jaipur and it provided Rajasthan with a new peak on the world tourism map.

Palace on Wheels has multiplied and embellished the tourism attraction of Rajasthan for the tourists. Some products of Rajasthan tourism have become very famous, i.e. Pushkar Fair, Desert festival of Jaisalmer, a Summer Festival of Mount Abu, Elephant festival of Jaipur, Teej and gang our fair. Dheenga Gavar fair of Jodhpur and Marwar festival, etc. The reason for the visit to Rajsthan by many tourists probably lies in the innumerable historical places, traditional cities and desert that adorn it.

The extent to which the traditions of Rajasthan have been rich is not found elsewhere. The diversity and cultural orientation is the uniqueness and pride of Rajasthan. The visit of the former US President Bill Clinton to Nayala Village of Rajasthan encouraged the influx of foreign tourists, and Amitabh Bachchan’s New Year celebration at Jaisalmer and celebration of personal events by other Indian and foreign film stars and industrialists at Udaipur and Jodhpur also attracted more tourists to Rajasthan.

Some products of Rajasthan tourism have become very famous, i.e. Pushkar Fair, Desert festival of Jaisalmer, a Summer Festival of Mount Abu, Elephant festival of Jaipur, Teej and gang our fair, Dheenga Gavar fair of Jodhpur and Marwar, festival, etc. The influx of foreign tourists in Rajasthan is mainly in Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Udaipur districts, while some tourists like to visit Pushkar, Abu and Bikaner apart from these. It provides direct employment to 1 lakh people and indirect employment to 3 lakh people.

Following are the efforts made by the Government of Rajasthan for development of tourism – 

1. Establishment of Tourism Art Culture Department – 

Travelling to experience the places, artefacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past like- folk, art, dance, painting, crafts etc. Heritage travel is done with this very objective. 

2. Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation – 

(RTDC) is an agency of Government of Rajasthan, set up in 1978 to develop tourism in the state. It manages many restaurants, cafeterias, motels and bars. The Corporation also organizes package tours, fairs, festivals, entertainment, shopping and transport services.

3. Private Sector Participation – 

The status of industry granted to tourism sector has played a major role in the development of the tourism industry. In order to increase private sector participation in the tourism sector and to provide special facilities to tourists. the year 1991 and 1992 were declared as “tourism years”. It invites tourists with the tagline “aao padharo Mahara desh”.

4. Announcement of Tourism Policy – 

The state government announced a new tourism policy in 2001 to increase and invite more tourists. A very attractive policy for the tourism industry was announced in 2015, in which the businessmen was provided many relaxations, rebates and discounts.

5. Making Tourism More Attractive –

Various projects are initiated to attract tourists. To give the tourists cultural and historical information about the state in addition to entertaining them, the tourism department has started light and sound shows in evenings at important tourist spots. To show the tourists a natural view of high mountains ranges and forests, ropeways have been constructed at various places.

6. Palace on Wheels – 

Palace on Wheels is a luxury tourist train. It was launched by the Indian Railways in association with Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation by putting the saloons of erstwhile princes and kings of the feudal era to promote tourism in Rajasthan. 

7. Paying Guest Scheme –

For the tourists to be able to experience culture closely and get accommodation within their budgets, licences have been issued to 562 families in cities and villages to enable tourists to stay along with them in their homes.

In Rajasthan, tourists come for entertainment, cultural, adventurous, village tourism, and for wedding tourism. Here, the tourists desire to see grand buildings, archaeological monuments, historical forts, havelis, temples, mosques, etc.

World Tour and Tourism Department.

1. Many young activists of the Indian National Congress believed that the society should be built on the principles of economic and social equality. 

2. Due to this, there was spread of socialist ideas and thoughts. 

3. They believed that to protect interests of the people it was necessary to overthrow the British rule. 

4. So, they decided to set up a Socialist Party within the Congress fold while they were in Nashik jail. Accordingly, the Congress Socialist Party was formed in 1934.

The group of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner is jointly known as Desert Triangle in the tourism sphere. The golden sands of the desert, sand dunes, havelis of Jaisalmer and Bikaner, ancient Dilwara, Shekhawati murals, a ride of the ship of the desert, polo on horses, etc. are the major attractions of this circuit.

RTDC was established in 1978.

Going away from home for thrill, relaxation, fun and frolic, joy along with experiencing something new is called tourism.

• Tourism art and Cultural Department. 
• Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation.

The famous institution of Rajasthan for operation in the tourism sector is RTDC.

(a) The year 1956

(d) All of the above

(c) Service sector

(b) Desert triangle

1. Travels – going to other regions/country for economic activities, business and employment. In Rajasthan, in certain areas, it is called Peshawar. 

2. Tourism – going away from home for thrill, relaxation, fun and frolic, joy along with experiencing something new. 

3. Pilgrimage – A pilgrimage is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. They may have to go to a different city or country. Usually, a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons.

• It manages many restaurants, cafeterias, motels and bars. The corporation also organizes package tours. 
• It manages fairs, festivals, entertainment, shopping for tourists. 
• It manages transport services for tourists.

The correct option is (A).

India is at 41st position.

Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn (where the required change is d⁵ to d⁴) is mainly responsible for this. This also explains why the +3 state of Mn is of little importance.

(d) All of the above

(d) All of the above

Local tourism, domestic or national tourism, international or foreign tourism.

The components that determine the destination of the tourist and play an important role in destination selection.

• Medical treatment. 
• Foreign currency.

The place of the tourism industry in India’s economy is Third.

(a)  Priwrjak

(b)  migration

Recreational tourism, Cultural tourism, Heritage Tourism, Eco-Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Religious Tourism, Medical and Wellness Tourism.

Importance of Tourism Industry: 

At present, tourism is not only limited to provide employment or foreign currency, but it also helps in developing hotel, banking, transportation, clothes and jewellery sector. 

It can also be explained in the following terms – 

1. Creating Employment Opportunities – 

Tourism industry is the sector considered to be the highest employment opportunity creator in the country since this industry is growing continuously and rapidly. 

2. Foreign Currency Receipts – 

International tourists provide foreign currency as expenses on travel and tourism, by which the country earns foreign exchange. This has much importance in foreign trade. 

3. Cultural Preservation – 

In the rapidly growing economic realm and communication age, it is becoming difficult to follow and practice ancient cultures, traditions, etc. But because of tourist interest and preferences, government and private sector provide motivation for preservation & culture, and protection is being given to traditional fairs and celebrations. 

4. Enhance Social Harmony – 

Employment opportunities at tourist places are created due to the presence of tourists. They like to visit beautiful places. Thus, it has been seen that a business understanding has been developed between people of different communities at tourist places and this social harmony is resulting in unity among people. 

5. Increase in Fame and Reputation – 

Celebrities and VIPs, while visiting a certain place, bring the location into limelight through newspapers, television news. 

6. Environment Awareness – 

Attracted by the lure of the money obtained from tourists, all parties are eager to think upon and work for all those aspects through which the facilities and influx of tourists can increase.

The weakness of tourism: 

1. Spread of Social, Cultural and Environmental pollution – 

The facilities made available for the entertainment of tourists including intoxicants like opium, marijuana, hashish, etc. Dance clubs and prostitution is an increasing trend. This is polluting social systems and values. The clothes worn by foreign tourists, their lifestyle, and eating habits are in accordance with their culture. Due to their influx, Indians being in their contact, the clothes of these local Indians are also becoming similar to that of the foreigners, which is polluting the Indian culture. 

2. Increase in Anti – National Activities – 

Among the crowd of foreign tourists, some tourists are also sent by opposing or enemy nations to collect secret information, indulge in terrorism and to smuggle drugs. This may enable terrorists to get secret information, maps and locations, which they may misuse. 

3. Making fun of Society’s Weaker Section – 

One-third of India’s population lives below the poverty line and photographs of their lifestyle and eating habits are taken by the tourists.

Tourism is an important industry. It plays an important role in developing the economy of the nation. It is an important industry in the service sector. Though it has its own benefits of obtaining foreign currency, increase in women employment, export promotion and increase, infrastructural development, increase in transport facility, etc., yet it also faces some obstacles in the field of transport, communication, residence or hotels, less attention to domestic tourism, lack of publicity, irrational government policies, etc.

1. Transport – Transport facility is an important component without which a traveller cannot reach the destination. Lack of public transportation and traffic jams are major issues at many tourist destinations.

2. Communication – Communication plays an important role in the tourism industry. This unlimited access to information has led to hundreds of thousands of people travelling to a destination every day. And this increase in tourism can have economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts on both local communities and entire nations. Let’s take a detailed look at some of these impacts.

3. Residence or Hotel – Accommodation is one of the basic needs of any tourism activity. Travellers and tourists need lodging for rest, while they are on a tour. If not provided proper facilities, nobody would come back to the same place again. Accommodation and good hotels in the form of low budget lodges/hotels to worldclass luxury hotels are available at all the major tourist destinations to provide the tourist a home away from home. Therefore, there should be proper establishments that provide a place for the tourist to stay, i.e. lodging facilities, proper food facilities which should be provided during the stay of the tourist.

4. Less attention to Domestic Tourism – Less attention to domestic tourism is also an obstacle in the development of the tourism industry. The costly items near the tourist places, theft, lack of discipline among the people and negligence of rules and norms have made this an obstacle in the tourism industry. The development of tourist places neglects the priorities of the individuals residing there.

5. Lack of Publicity – Negative media event occurs when the mass media is communicating bad news, threats, irritations or other matters that can be seen as unfavourable by the audience. An important point is that the issues communicated by the mass media might or might not be true. However, the end result will not be good. Sometimes, big plans are made in a small ventilated room on the papers, which, in turn, results in loss only. Due to the lack of publicity, the Royal train started by Rajasthan Government ended up with less number of passengers.

6. Government Policies, Sometimes, government policies result in a negative effect on the development of tourism. Difficult norms in visa-related issues in international tourism, levying heavy taxes on hotels, lack of coordination among different departments of state government and tourism, etc. Suggestions to overcome the obstacles to the development of the tourism industry – 

Following are the suggestions to overcome the obstacles to the development of the tourism industry:

1. Financial contribution to community development and environmental protection. 

2. Improved environmental management and planning. 

3. Increased environmental education and awareness programs.

4. Improved security and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations.

5. Better facilities should be provided to the guests, including their accommodation, recreational facilities, food, etc.

(d) All of these

Entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism industry are – 

1. Restaurant/hotel business – 

The demand for the necessary component of tourism – hotel/Restaurant- has a constructive co-relation with the tourism industry, i.e. they are complementary to each other. The growing tourism business has resulted in increased demand for hotels and restaurants. 

2. Star hotel – 

To establish a business in the form of chain hotels by affiliation to an international hotel company or group as a high-end five-star hotel. 

3. Heritage hotel – 

Starting Heritage hotel business at a historical palace, or fort built before 1950, by acquiring it. 

4. Paying Guest House – 

Engaging in self-employment by using and operating a paying guest house in available additional space in one’s own house. This trend is increasing at present. 

5. Mid-way Hotel/Restaurant – 

Nowadays, the trend of setting up hotels or restaurants on roads or additional highways connecting the tourist places has also picked up.

• Health Club – 

This change is also seen in the tourism sector that many tourists go to favourable tourists spot only for health benefits. In addition to the natural environment at locations, tourists also use yoga, meditation, herbal treatment and massage to get enjoyment and happiness. This has become a good business with low capital investment. 

• Amusement Park/Water Park – 

For recreation and entertainment of the tourists and children’s play, artificial scenes of sea, river, lake, waterfall and forest are created in the park with the help of modern equipment and techniques in present times.

In this type of tourism, people go to study the lives of other people or to visit the property of their ancestors.

Journeying to see the beauty of nature and animals living in the forests.

Two objectives of travelling are – 

• Going elsewhere to get rid of the boredom of staying at one place for a long time and to rejuvenate oneself. 
• Travelling to other places to obtain knowledge and experience.

Two characteristics of tourism are –

• Tourism begins with the movement of a person from home to a destination located elsewhere. 
• Two elements are contained in tourism- first, journey, and second,stay.

Correct option is D) oceans

A) planktons