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So that the small pressure is exerted while carrying them.

An example of photoautotrophic bacteria is Chlorobium. 

A bacterial cell is covered by glycocalyx.

An example of chemoautotrophic bacteria is Nitrosomonas.

Lateral displacement depends on the: angle of incidence, thickness of slab, and refractive index of the material.

The crossing between two individuals of a species that are related by descent for 4–6 generations is called inbreeding, e.g., a cross between superior cow and superior bull.

The cross between two individuals of different species of the same genus is called interspecific hybridisation, e.g., a mule is suitable example that is obtained by crossing between a male donkey and a female horse.

No, cotton and jute are plant fibres because they are obtained from plants.

The mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4–6 generations is called inbreeding.

It may lead to inbreeding depression, i.e., the loss of fertility, vigour and productivity of the hybrid.

Plastic plays an important role in our life because

• Plastic is light and strong. The weight of plastic is less when compared to that of metal.
• Plastic is very cheap. So, plastic bags and other plastic items have low cost.
• Plastic does not react with air and water, and so it does not corrode easily. Hence it is durable.
• Plastic can be remoulded into different shapes and sizes. It can be used for various purposes.

Correct option is (d) 16

Correct option is (d) denitrification

Two forces are added using triangle rule, because force is a vector quantity. This statement is more appropriate, because we know that force is a vector quantity and only vectors are added using triangle rule.

No, Their sum has a magnitude of √2, so obviously it is not a unit vector. But if we multiply the sum with 1/√2 it becomes a unit vector.

1. Prostate gland 

2. Testis 

3. Vas deferens

A) Dr. Baekeland

Nitrobacter.

Advantage: Clothes made from synthetic fibres dry quickly. They are cheap and durable as well when compared to clothes made from natural fibres.

Disadvantage: Synthetic fibres easily catch fire. On heating, they melt. So if the clothes made from them catch fire, the fibre melts and sticks to the body causing burns.

No. Ovulation is the process of release of mature ovum from the ovary. If fertilization does not take place the newly formed tissues in the uterine wall peel off and come, out along with blood and mucus through vagina. This process is called menstruation.

Plastic is used in healthcare industry in different ways:

• Gloves, masks worn by doctors are made from plastics.
• Plastic is also used to construct implants such as artificial valves, pacemakers etc.
• Plastic also plays a key role in the packaging of medicines.
• Certain medical devices which were previously made from metal components are made from plastics nowadays making them light in weight.

Testis are found in the scrotal sac outside abdominal cavity. Sperms are produced in the testis.

Ovum is larger than sperms. They are nonmotile. There are specified membranes outside the cell membrane of ovum.

Uterus: It is a sac that holds, nourishes and protects the foetus.

Urethra: It is a tubular passage for the exit of sperms and urine in mammals.

1. Whales breathe air into their lungs, 

2. They cannot breathe under water like fish can as they do not have gills. 

3. They breathe through nostrils called a blowhole located right on top of their heads.

1. Take a mirror in to your hands during morning and blow air on to that. 

2. You can find that your image in the mirror become blarred.

3 Now wipe the mirror with your 

4. You will find that the image become clear and some moisture touches to your hand. 

5. This moisture is nothing but the water vapour present in your breath. 

6. This phenomena can be observed more clearly during winter mornings than summer mornings.

(1) It indicates that Shreyas might be suffering from allergic reactions. He may have come in contact with allergens such as pollen, dust, pet dander or other environmental substances on his way in the garden. Or Shreyas may be already a patient of Asthma and his symptoms may have aggrevated due to wintry climate. 

(2) If a person is allergic to a substance, such as pollen, his immune system reacts to the substance as if it was foreign and harmful, and tries to destroy it. 

(3) The body reacts to these allergens by making and releasing substances known as IgE antibodies. These IgE antibodies attach to most cells in the body which release histamine. Histamine is the main substance responsible for pollen allergy symptoms such as difficulty in breathing, wheezing, sneezing, itchy throat, etc.

(4) Treatment : There are several drugs to treat the allergic reactions:

• Antihistamines such as cetirizine or diphenhydramine. 
• Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine or oxymetazoline. 
• Medications that combine an antihistamine and decongestant such as Actifed and Claritin-D.

Alveolus is the structural and functional unit of lungs.

Asthma and pneumonia are the two disorders of respiratory system.

Human heart has four chambers, upper two chambers are called Atria and lower two chambers are called Ventricles.

Gibberellin causes parthenocarpy in apple.

Correct answer is Vernalin.

Kinetin (cytokinin).

Foliar spray of synthetic hormones induce flowering in plants litchi and pineapple and prevent premature fruit drop in apples, pear and oranges.

Growth hormones are needed in very small amount to evoke the response and they act at a site away from their place of production.

It is synthetic auxin 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid.

(i) Khadins and Tanks 

(ii) Bandharas and Tails 

(iii) Ahars and Pynes.

(b) Acidic chyme will not be neutralised

(a) adaptation

(b) terrestrial

(c) aquatic

(d) abiotic

(e) stimuli

Some common characteristics of living things are:

• Growth
• Movement
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Responsiveness
• Excretion

In grasslands habitats, there are few trees or places for animals to hide. When their enemy attacks they have to run faster so as to reach a safe place. If they fail, they lose their life. So, speed is very important for the survival of grassland animals.

Example of non-living thing is the cloud which shows the following two characteristics of living things:

• It grows in size
• It shows movement.

Butter, Leather, Wool, Cooking oil, Apple, and Rubber are the non-living things that were once part of a living thing.

1. It is simple to climb up the tree because its branches spread out.

2. It is foolish insensible for girls to climb trees.

3. I do not enjoy old buildings as much as I enjoy seeing nature.

4. I should have a large amount of money and I would travel and travel.

5. I have no doubt that I will do it.

6. The seeds from his own plants could be collected by him.

1. Jumman says these words to his aunt when she asked him for a monthly allowance to set up a separate kitchen.'

2. Jummaris aunt says these words to Algu as she wanted him to realize his duty and speak the truth.

3. Algu says the above words when he was cross examining Jumman and wanted to be fair’ while giving his judgement.

4. These words are said by Samjhu Sahu to Algu when Algu reminded payment for the bullock he had sold to Sahu.

5. Algu says these words to Jumman and others after Jumman gives a fair judgement.

Reference : These lines have been taken from the lesson ‘I am John’s Heart’ written by J.D. Ratcliff.

Context : The author has made the human heart speak out its story itself when the bearer of the heart worries about it, he does so nearly always about wrong things. 

Explanation : Heart says that it has to beat regularly to produce energy in order to set in motion the shrinking of its muscles. It compares this system to that of John’s car. Sometime, the mechanism for starting combustion in the engine of John’s car does not work. In the same way, the heart also fails to start and heaps one beat on top of another. It gives the impression that the heart has skipped a beat which it hasn’t. John will never expect how frequently it so happens.