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He declared War on the southern states because these states had left the union i.e., On the issue of secession. According to Lincoln, no state had the right to secede from the Union. Therefore, the confederacy had to be defeated and the union restored.

Hyder All was the ruler of Mysore. He started his career as an ordinary soldier in the Mysore army. He won many battles against the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and routed his enemies in two consecutive Anglo-Mysore Wars.

The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between Ahmad Shah Abdali, an Afghan invader and Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao. The Peshwa suffered a crushing defeat and this put an end to the Maratha power.

The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British and Siraj-ud-daulah in which the English defeated the army of Siraj-ud-daulah. From then onwards the English East India Company functioned as king makers in Bengal politics. Finally,the English established their full sway in 1765 when Robert Clive set up the Dual Government in Bengal.

Tipu Sultan, the son and heir of Haider Ah and ruler of Mysore is known as ‘Tiger of Mysore.

Murshid Quli Khan became the first independent Nawab of Bengal. He established an efficient administration and effectively organised the revenue system. He also started the new system of land revenue collection, on the basis of contracts, known as Ijara system. He reorganised the zamindari for which he is will remembered in the history of Bengal.

1. Murshid Quli Khan became the independent ruler of Bengal and shifted his capital to Murshidabad. 

2. Chin Qilich Khan founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty in AD 1724. 

3. Haider Ali was the ruler of Mysore. 

4. Banda Bahadur was the leader of the Sikhs after the death of Guru Govind Singh. 

5. Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa.

The Marathas had established a Maratha Kingdom during the reign of Aurangzeb. They were very powerful and with time and with the decline of the Mughals would have proved worthy , opponents to the emerging British empire but the third Battle of Panipat (1761) sealed their fate. Ahmad Shah Abdali, an Afghan . invader gave a crushing defeat to the forces of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao. It put an end to the Maratha power and their dream of ruling India. Thus, the way was proved for the British East India Company to gain power and become supreme.

The later Mughal rulers were so weak that they could not hold the provinces of the empire together. These provinces were under Governors who were always engaged in wars. Gradually, they took advantage of the situation of misrule and misgovemance by the central authority and declared independence.Thus, Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh Rohikhand became independent one after the other.

Governor General Cornwallis, himself a big landlord in England, wanted to create landlords in India on the English model. There were already revenue farmers under the Mughals. Cornwallis came to a settlement with them, treating them as landlords. The outcome was that for the first time in India there was a class of zamindars or landlords with a right to own, bequeath and inherit land. The cultivators, on the other hand, were reduced to the position of mere tenants. The British dealt with the landlords or zamindars directly, and gave them total freedom to do what they liked with their tenants. This settlement made with the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa is called the Permanent Settlement (1793). The Ryotwari System was a different revenue system introduced in south India.

Under the system, the peasant was the proprietor and paid tax on the land. The government dealt with him directly, without the intervention of a middleman or a tax-farmer. He was entitled to remain in possession of land acquired by him so long as he paid the land revenue. In case of default, apart from eviction and attachment of livestock, even household property or .personal belongings could be attached. The Ryotwari System introduced the concept of private property in land. The individual holders were registered and permitted to sell, lease out, mortgageor transfer their right over the land.

1. During the first half of the 18th century, the great Mughal empire decayed and disintegrated. 

The Mughal emperors who ruled India after the death of Aurangzeb are known as the later Mughals. 

2. There were four groups of nobles in the Mughal court. 

3. Nadir Shah looted and plundered Delhi He carried away immense treasures including the pricelessKohinoor and the Peacock Throne. 

4. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, repeatedly attacked the Mughal empire. 

5. Bahadur Shah Zafar, was defeated in the Revolt of 1857 and exiled to Rangoon by the British.

The East India Company remitted to England what was called Home Charges – the dividends on East India’s stock, interest on debt, savings from salaries and the pensions of officers and establishments and buildings in the India Office, London, transporting cost of British troops to and from India.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh brought the whole area west of River Sutlej under his control and established the Sikh kingdom in Punjab. He signed the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with the British which confirmed his conquests and established his sovereignty over the terrioty west of Satluj. It was only after his death in 1839 that the British gained control over the Punjab.

Colonel Pennycuiek was an army Engineer and Civil Servant who also served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council. He decided to divert the west-flowing Periyar river draining into the Arabian Sea to the east so that it could irrigate lakhs of acres of dry land dependent on the Vaigai river.

(i) 

• The above statement is true. 
• In a secular state the people of all religions are treated equally by the state. 
• No religion is recognised as the official religion of the country.

(ii) 

• The above statement is true. 
• We can resolve conflicts through compromise and understanding. 
• Conflicts can end if people make efforts to understand each other and show a spirit of tolerance.

Concentrated settlements are found in fertile plains, levelled areas and regions of water availibility.

The process of the colonialisation of India can be divided into three phases: 

(a) Phase I Mercantilist Capitalism 

(b) Phase II Industrial Capitalism 

(c) Phase III Financial Capitalism

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

The Zulu tribe was known for its strong fighting spirit, represented by renowned warriors like Shaka Zulu who played a prominent role in building the largest Zulu nation in south-eastern Africa.

Correct Answer is : (d) 29 and 7

(c) The British

(c) Stamford Raffles

During World War I Burma fell to the Japanese

(c) A is correct, R is not the correct explanation of A

(a) The Dutch

(c) (iii) is correct

1. (c) 

2. (a) 

3. (d) 

4. (e) 

5. (b)

In mid 19th century, Vietnam came under the direct rule of the French who made the emperor here a puppet.

(a) (i) is correct

India too has to decide exactly what type of relationship it wants with the US in this phase of global hegemony. The choices are not exactly easy. Within India, the debate seems to be around three possible strategies. 

1. Indian should maintain its aloofness from the U.S and focus upon increasing its own comprehensive national power. 

2. The Indian critics who see international politics largely in terms of military power are uneasy at the thought of growing closeness between India and the U.S. India should take advantage of U.S hegemony and mutual convergences to establish best possible options for it self. Opposing the U.S would be a futile exercise and will only hurt India in the long run. 

3. India should take the lead in establishing a coalition of countries from the developing world. Critics feel that this coalition. Would become more powerful and may succeed in weaning the hegemony away from its dominating ways.

October 1962.

China attacked India as it wanted the control of the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.

China had claimed administrative control over Tibet and in 1950, China invaded Tibet. This was opposed by Tibetans who led an uprising in 1958 but were suppressed by China. Subsequently, the Dalai Lama fled to India and was given asylum. This was opposed by China and created tensions between India and China.

The Sino-Indian conflict created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India, which was in opposition. It got divided into Communist Party of India (Marxist), CPM was pro-China and CPI was Pro-Russia.

The leaders of the Communist party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) were arrested for being Pro-China. Communist Party of India (CPI) wanted closer ties with the Congress while the CPI-M was against any ties with Congress.

The Sino-Indian conflicts affected the opposition as well. This and the growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction was for sometime closer to China and was against any ties with the Congress. The party split in 1964 and the leaders of the later faction formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M). In the wake of the China War, many leaders of CPI(M) were arrested for being pro-China.

Import will decrease because foreign goods have become costlier for Indians.

When the value of domestic currency reduce with respect to other currency by the demand and supply forces of foreign exchange in a free exchange market.

Devaluations means to reduce parity rate of its currency with respect of gold or any other currency by the Government. 

The first direct confrontation between the USA and USSR during the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis.

This statement is True. 

• USA and USSR became superpowers after the Second World War (1945). There were ideological and economic differences between the USA and USSR and also a struggle for political influence in Europe. 
• The hostile relations led to the East-West division of Europe, setting up of military alliances and armaments buildup but stopped short of a war actual war. This is referred to as the cold war.

Comparison between Classification and Tabulation:- 

The following points may be given as comparison:

• Classification and Tabulation are not two distinct processes. Before tabulation, data are classified and then displayed under different columns and rows of a table. 
• Classification is the process of arranging the data in to groups or classes according to common characteristics possessed by the items of the data; Whereas Tabulation is a process of systematic arrangement of the classified data in rows and columns, in the form of a table.
• Table contains precise and accurate information, where as classification gives only a classified groups of data.
• Classification reduces the size of the data and brings the similarities together and tabulation facilitates comparison, reveal the trend and tendencies of the data.

The ocean inspires the poet to go further to be still. Calm and silent form of the sea encourages the poet to go ahead to achieve the target of his life. The foam of the ocean seems like the carpet of flowers for him which makes the poet realise that the way is full of comforts and easy for him.

महासागर कवि को शान्त रहने के लिए आगे बढ़ने के लिए प्रेरित करता है। महासागर का शान्त और मौन स्वरूप उसे अपने जीवन के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करता है। महासागर के झाग कवि को फूलों के गलीचे की तरह प्रतीत होते हैं जो कवि को महसूस कराता है कि उसका रास्ता आसान व सुविधाओं से भरा हुआ है।

The poet is happy at the time of his departure because he listens an obvious call of his maker. The God is calling him to heaven to become his associate and it is the target of his life. The poet finds this call as a blessing of his creator so that he has filled with the sense of great excitement and becomes happy.

कवि अपनी रवानगी के समय खुश है क्योंकि वह अपने निर्माता का स्पष्ट बुलावा सुनता है। भगवान उसे स्वर्ग में आने को बुला रहा है तथा अपना साथी बना रहा है और यही कवि के जीवन का लक्ष्य है। कवि इस बुलावे को अपने निर्माता को आशीर्वाद समझता है। इसलिए वह बहुत अधिक उत्तेजना से भर गया है तथा खुश हो गया है।