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Countries receiving light are:

1. Asian countries : Southern India, Sri Lanka. Thailand. Myanmar. Indonesia, etc.
2. African countries : Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, etc.
3. South American countries : Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, etc.

Average light falls between 23.5° north to 66.5° north latitudes and between 23.5° south to 66.5° south latitudes. This zone is called the Temperate Zone’.

Maximum light falls between 23.5° north to 23.5° south latitudes. This zone is known as the Torrid Zone’.

(A) Icebergs

Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Gabon, Congo, Ruanda, Kenya, Somalia, Indonesia, Kiribati.

(D) All the above

(B) Permafrost

Roadways are the most important means of transport because: 

a) construction cost of roads is much less than that of railway lines 

b) roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography 

c) roads can traverse higher gradients 

d) road transportation is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances 

e) it also provides door-to-door service 

f) road transport is used as a feeder to other modes of transport.

Answer is (A) 2,000

(A) Tundra Region

(a) National Highway-15

 (b) Marmagao port

The air transport was nationalised in the year 1953.

Answer is (C) Eskimos

(a) ‘He’ refers to the foolish cricket. 

(b) His cupboard was empty because he had not stored any food during summer.

(a) Starvation and hunger made the cricket bold. 

(b) The cricket dripped wet and trembled with cold because it was winter.

(a) He couldn’t find even a single piece of bread on the ground. 

(b) The ground was covered with snow because of the onset of winter season.

Thick convex lens has more power because of its shorter focal length.

P = +0.2 D.

P = 1/f.

f = 1/P = 1/0.2 = +5 m.

Here, f = -3 cm = -0.03 m (Diverging lens)

P = 1/f = 1/(-0.03) = -33.33 D.

f = 25 cm = 0.25 cm.

P = 1/f = 1/0.25 = +4 D.

f = 50 mm = 0.05 m

P = 1/f = 1/0.05 = +20 D.

f = 0.5 m

P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = +2 D.

f = 80 cm = 0.8 m.

P = 1/f = 1/0.8 = +1.25 D.

(i) and (ii) are correct

(a) Dauladabad

Due to sickness, epidemic and world war.

1. The achievement of Guptas in metallurgy was the Mehrauli Iron pillar. King Chandragupta installed it in Delhi.

2. This pillar has lasted through the centuries without rusting.

1. The divine theory of Kingship meant that king is the representative of God on earth.

2. He is answerable only to God and not to any one else.

1. Growth of population 

2. Economic instability.

1. Buddhism 

2. Yoga 

3. Vedic literature 

4. Medicine

Size and growth of the population.

In Rajasthan, Quantitative aspects have been given much importance for education, but there is lack of physical resources here. Many children are deprived from education due to poverty. The state government is taking up several schemes, but their implementation is not being done in a proper manner.

Human capital refers to the knowledge, skill sets and motivation people have, which provide economic value. Human capital realizes that not everyone has the same skill sets or knowledge and that quality of work can be improved by investing in people’s education. Economic growth is an increase in an economy’s ability, compared to past periods, to produce goods and services. It can be determined by measuring the change in the real gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. A healthy human capital is also an important factor of economic development.

Education plays a very important role in human resource development. Education is the basis of social, cultural and economic development of human life. Education is an important source of human capital. Education develops the work efficiency of human beings.

It is about expanding the richness of human life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live.

He didn’t pay much attention to the noise. It was the noise of rats running across the beam. It was a familiar sound.

Wordsworth has always been close to nature. Whether in his Tintern Abbey or The Tables Turned, he has appreciated nature profoundly. His “The world is too much with us” lays scathing criticism on the humanity that is distanced from the nature. The materialistic belief of "getting and spending" that the industrialization dawned upon us, Wordsworth calls it a "sordid boon", a contradiction. The poet talks about the worlds of past and the future, "late and soon". He is unhappy because mankind has given her heart away to this destructive blessing. We consider the Industrial Revolution a boon, while the poet has deeply condemns it. We do not see “the nature that is ours”. Wordsworth appreciates nature's beauty. He talks of how the fragile sea, in the night, bares her bosom to the moon. The beauty of the white light reflected on the mirthful waters appears magnificent. Then the poet talks of how the wild winds gather above us, hovering like a sleeping flowers. However, he deplores the loss of it; he suffers due to the mechanical advancement of the society. Lamenting the poet declares how the humanity is “out of tune” with it all and wishes to become a Pagan so he might get glimpses of the beauty of nature.

Wordsworth is deeply disturbed by the materialism and consumerism, brought to us by the industrialisation. It has encompassed humanity, who is too busy “getting and spending”. He mourns that humanity has such wonderful powers that are being laid waste. The mankind has given her heart away to this destructive blessing, the poet calls it a “sordid boon”, an oxymoron. Thus, Wordsworth decides to become a Pagan and prays to God. Pagans were the people of Southern Europe, they were not worshippers of a monotheistic God. They were rustics or rural folk. Wordsworth admires their tradition and perceives that to be close to nature he should be one of them. He wishes to feed on and relish the mesmerising beauty of the nature. He wishes to enjoy the lea he stands on, so that he might feel a little less lonely. He wants to have the glimpses of the countryside and wants to taste the rural and rustic life that a Pagan lives. He wishes to go back in time where he might get a chance to see “The Old Man of the Sea”, Proteus, rising from the sea. He wishes to see “The Messenger of the Sea”, Triton, the son of Poseidon. Wordsworth wishes to be in absolute harmony with the nature.

The details about the narrator's family is important for the readers in order to understand the psyche of the narrator. He had a very turbulent childhood and was brought up among very disturbed conditions at home. This is important for us to understand the bond he shared with Mrs. Croft. The words written by the author expresses that he was very attached to his mother and had fulfilled the role of an eldest son till the time she was cremated. He missed his mother a lot and recollected small incidents about she never forgetting to drape her head before coming in front of his father. When he came to know of Mrs. Croft's age which had crossed a century, he contemplated on how his mother couldn't adjust to his father's death and turned insane. Her insanity led to deterioration of her health. Her death gave him a heavy blow but he cared for her till the very last moment before cremating her. This shows his reason for growth of empathy towards Mrs. Croft because of her old age. Thus, his concern for Mrs. Croft grew which can be clearly reflected in the line: I was mortified. I had assumed Mrs. Croft was in her eighties...that this person was a widow who lived alone mortified me further still.

In India, the very basic family values which are followed are respecting elders, taking care of parents at old age, respecting our Guru or spiritual teacher, contributing towards the society and mankind as a whole selflessly and passing on our cultural, spiritual and ancient heritage to our children. It is very well known and a very age-old fact of Indians to take care of their parents in old age. Senior citizen homes and assisted living concept has just begun. They are still more prominent and often practised abroad and not in India. In India, it is still considered a taboo and hasn't yet become a conventional to send our aged parents or relatives to Old Age Homes. Taking care of parents in their old age is a basic duty of a child – and, as believed in India, he or she gets lot of ‘sukarma’ points for doing so, and substantial negative karma for not doing so. 

The elderly in India are generally obeyed, revered, considered to be fountains of knowledge and wisdom, and treated with respect and dignity by family and community members unlike the way aged people are treated in abroad. Old age is a time when a person is expected to relax, enjoy solitude, retirement, pray, enjoy spending time with the grandchildren, and not worry about running the household or about finances because the oldest son is now in charge of the finances and family matters, and the oldest daughter-in-law is generally running the household. In most instances, the elderly care for their grandchildren and assist with cooking and household chores. Even grown up children continue to consult their parents on most of the important aspects of life.

Hockey: K.D. Babu, Major Dhyanchand (Victoria Cross), Balwir Singh Senior, Mohammad Shahid, Dhanraj Pillai, Ashok Kumar, Shrijesh, Sardaar Singh, Pargat Singh, Rani, V.Raghunath

Rsyiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award: This award was started in 1991-92 by the Department of youth affairs and sports. It is India’s highest honour given for achievement in sports. It carries a cash amount of Rs 7,50,000 (exempted from income tax and wealth tax), a scroll of honour and one plaque besides a blazer, a tie. This award is given every year by the President of India, to outstanding sports individual or a team, across all sporting disciplines in a given year.

Arjuna Award: It was established in 1961 in the name of Mahabharta character, Arjun who was great archer. The first award distribution ceremony was chaired by The President of India, late Dr. Radhakrishan. The award holds cash amount of ₹ 500,000, a bronze plaque of Arjuna and a scroll.

Dronacharya Awards: The government of India instituted this award in 1985 for excellence in sports coaching. This award was introduced to honour Guru Dronacharya of Mahabharta, Arjun’s guru and teacher. The award comprises ₹ 250, 000 a plaque of guru Dronacharya and a scroll of honour. Shri B.I. Femadez in the first foreign ‘coach who was awarded Dronacharya award in 2012 in Cuban Boxing coach Boxing (for life time achievement)

Eligibility conditions for Dronacharya award : Award is given to the coaches who have trained the players for the following events and they have shown excellent performance as mentioned below :

1. These players who have won the gold the silver and the bronze medals in the Olympics games, World champions and world cup competitions. 

2. Those who have made the world record and it should have been recognised by the international sports federation. 

3. Those who have three gold medals in the Asian Championship and commonwealth championship.

(a) Maharana Pratap

Maharana Pratap Award: This award is given by Maharana Mewar charitable foundat on to the players for their excellent performance in co-curricular and sports activities. The Rajasthan state sports council (RSSC) has announced 32 names of Maharana Pratap Award winners. The selection of the awardees from different parts of the state is based on their performances in the last five years. The award includes Rs 100,000 in cash, a bronze plaque of Maharana Pratap, a tie and a citation. Awardees are given preference in appointment for the government services on the basis of their performance.

Guru Vashishta Award for Coach: This award is given in honour of the great guru Raghuvansh, the apostle of the Indian culture and acharya of the vedic traditions. The sports council, Rajasthan state has truly recognised the great guru by introducing this award for the best coaches for preparing the top sportsmen in different sports. It is the highest state award for the coaches. It includes the cash amount of Rs 0.50 lacs, Blazer and a tie/scarf.

Aijuna Award is given for excellence in sports. It is decided by the Government of India.

It was established in 1961 in the name of Mahabharata character Arjuna who was a excellent archer. The award holds a prize money of? 5 lakh, a bronze plaque of Arjun and a scroll. To be eligible for Arjuna Award, a sportsperson should have good performance consistently for the previous four years at the international level with excellence for the year for which the award is recommended. Besides, he should also have qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline.

Maharana Pratap Award is the highest award given by Rajasthan Government.

In its 25 year history, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award was given to four players (maximum number) in the year 2016.