Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Natural physical mutagens are high temperature, high concentration of CO₂ , Xrays, UV rays.

Methylophilus methylotrophus, Bacillus megasterium

MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium.

(d) Both (A) and (R) is correct but (R) does not explain (A).

Usually, when organisms die, their bodies will decompose and be lost. But sometime some body parts may not decompose completely and they will eventually harden and retain the impression of the body parts. All such preserved traces of living organisms are called fossils. Fossils are the remains or traces of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age, and that has been excavated from the soil. Fossilisation is the process in which an organism is converted into a fossil. Paleontology is the study of fossils.

There are two ways to determine the age of fossils. One way is to dig the earth and start finding fossils. The second way of dating fossils is by detecting the ratios of different isotopes of the same element in the fossil material.

Spirulina spp, Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The farmers select different crops for different seasons of cultivation based on the temperature and availability of moisture in the soil.

Evolution is a gradual process- no organism evolved suddenly. Complex organs evolved in organisms gradually. The eyes of the octopus and the eyes of vertebrates have evolved independently. These similarities of structure, despite of different origins provide a classic example of biological convergence. 

Biological convergence is a phenomenon by which two unrelated organisms become quite alike after a period of time through few generations, if it is assumed that they have a common ancestor. 

A change that is useful for one property to start with can become useful for quite a different function. For example, long feathers were considered to provide insulation in cold weather. Some reptiles like the dinosaur had feathers but very few were adapted for flying. In the present day, birds use feathers for flight, which is an example of adaptation. It is a characteristic of a particular animal may, post-evolution be useful for performing a totally different function. 

It is all very well to say that very dissimilar looking structures evolve from a common ancestral design. It is true that analysis of the organ structure in fossils allow us to make estimates of how far back evolutionary relationships go. The wild cabbage plant is a good example. Broccoli, kohlrabi and kale are produced from its ancestor wild cabbage by artificial selection. 

Another way of tracing evolutionary relationships depends on the changes in DNA during reproduction. Comparing the DNA of different species should give us a direct estimate of how much the DNA has changed during the formation

Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis.

(d) (A) is false but (R) is false

A. (ii) 

B. (iv) 

C. (i) 

D. (iii)

A. (iv) 

B. (v) 

C. (i) 

D. (ii) 

E. (iii)

Both the callus and suspension cultures die in due course of time when nutrients get consumed. Therefore, a part of callus or suspension of cells is transferred to the flask containing new nutrient medium. This is subculturing, which is necessary to ensure continuous nutrient supply essential for continuous growth.

Bones of the hands. (All the others are morphological evidences.)

Mutation is defined as the sudden heritable change in the genotype, which is caused naturally.

• Animals like Lemur
• Egyptopithecus
• Dryopithecus 
• Ramapithecus
• Australopithecus 
• Skilled Human 
• Homo erectus i.e. Man with erect posture 
• Neanderthal man 
• Cro-Magnon man.

The anabaena

Biofortification is the scientific process of helping crop plants, enriched with high levels of desirable nutrients like vitamins, proteins and minerals. Micronutrient malnutrition is called hidden hunger, the lack of micronutrients such as vitamin A, zinc and iron in the diet.

Biofortification is effective in removing hidden hunger and improving the nutritional value of food. Scientists breed crops whose edible parts (seed, tuber and roots) have improved nutritional value. Biofortified foods can contribute to body stores of micronutrients throughout the life cycle.

Some example of crop varieties developed as a result of biofortification are:

• Protina, Shakti and Rathna are lysine-rich maize hybrids.
• Atlas 66, a protein-rich wheat variety.
• Iron-rich fortified rice variety.
• Vitamin A enriched carrots, pumpkin and spinach.

Azotobacter, Nostoc, Clostridium, Beijerinkia, Klebsiella, etc.

Anabaena, Nostoc and Tolypothrix

Rhizobium, Anabaena, Frankia.

Answer is Lung fish.

(a) Somatic gene therapy : It is the replacement of defective gene in somatic cells.

Germ line gene therapy : It is replacement of defective gene in germ cell (egg and sperm).

(b) Undifferentiated cells : The cells which have not become specialized are called undifferentiated cells.

Eg: Cells in early embryos

Differentiated cells : The cells which have become specialized for doing certain job.

Eg: Muscle cell, nerve cell.

1. Sewage contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa which cause dysentery, cholera, typhoid, polio and infectious hepatitis, etc. It also contains nematodes and algae. 

2. Their number and type of microorganisms in sewage depends on the composition and source of sewage. 

3. Millions of bacteria per ml may be present in raw untreated sewage. 

4. Bacteria in sewage include coliforms, fecal Streptococci, anaerobic spore forming bacilli and other bacteria found in the intestinal tract of humans. 

5. The sewage also contains soil bacteria. 

6. During sewage decomposition, initially aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms predominate which are followed by strict anaerobic especially methogenic bacteria that produce methane (CH₄ ) and CO₂

1. False – Raphanobrassica is a allotetra ploid man-made genus produced by colchicine treatment. 

2. False – The process of producing an organism with more than two sets of chromosome is called polyploidy.

3. True 

4. False – Iron rich rice variety determines the protein quality of the cultivated plant. 

5. False – Golden rice is a genetically modified plant 

6. True 

7. False – In vitro fertilisation means the fertilisation done outside the body. 

8. True 

9. False – Molecular scissors refers to Restriction enzymes

The process of bringing tRNA possessing anticodon that is complementary to the codon on mRNA for protein synthesis is called translation.

Correct answer is (a) pectinase, gluconic acid and vitamin C

Objectives of plant breeding are as follows:

1. To increase crop yield, 

2. To improve quality of produce. 

3. To increase tolerance to environmental stresses. 

4. To develop varieties of plants resistant to pathogens and insect pest. 

5. To alter the life span.

Gibberellin was first isolated from rice plant infected by fungus Gibberella Jujikuroi.

About 15 different types of Gibberellins have been isolated.

A. (iii) 

B. (v) 

C. (ii)

D. (i) 

E. (iv) 

F. (viii) 

G. (vi) 

H. (vii)

The code for each amino acids always consists of three nucleotides which is known as triplet codon.

Correct answer is (c) Yabuta and Sumiki

1. Sewage is the waste matter carried off on drainage. 

2. Composition of sewage varies depending upon its industrial source, e.g. textile, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dairy, canning, brewing, meat packing, tannery, oil refineries and meat industries, etc.

3. Sewage consists of human excreta, animal dung, household waste, slaughter house waste, dissolved organic matter, algae, nematodes, pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, discharged waste water from hospitals, industries (contains toxic dissolved organic and inorganic chemicals), tannery and pharmaceutical waste, etc. 

4. Bacteria in sewage include coliforms, fecal Streptococci, anaerobic spore forming bacilli and other bacteria found in human intestinal tract. 

5. Sewage consists of about water (99.5% to 99.9%) and inorganic and organic matter (0.1 to 0.5%) in suspended and soluble form.

1. (c) Both assertion and reason is correct.

2. (d) Both assertion and reason is wrong

3. (a) Assertion is correct and reason is wrong.

Shape of seeds. (All the others are morphological evidences in plants.)

Correct answer is (a) Monascus purpureus

Amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, pectinase, streptokinase, invertase enzymes are produced using microorganisms.

Fumaric acid is used in resins as wetting agents.

Statins produced by yeast Monascus purpureus are blood cholesterol lowering agents. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of cholesterol. 

The principles of farm management are as follows:

1. Selection of high-yielding breeds. 

2. Understanding the feed requirements of farm animals. 

3. Supply of adequate nutritional sources for the animals.

4. Maintaining the cleanliness of environment. 

5. Maintenance of health with the help of veterinary supervision. 

6. Undertaking vaccination programmes. 

7. Development of high-yielding crossbred varieties. 

8. Making various products and their preservation. 

9. Distribution and marketing of the farm produce.

The different types of hybridization in plants are as follows:

1. Intravarietal : It is the hybridization between plants of same variety. 

2. Intervarietal : It is the hybridization between two varieties of the same species. 

3. Interspecific : It is the hybridization between two species of the same genus. 

4. Intergeneric : It is the hybridization between two genera of the same family. 

5. Wide/distant crosses : These are the crosses between distantly related parental plants.

(1) The four species of honey bees commonly found in India : Apis dorsata (rock bee, or wild bee), Apis jlorea (little bee), Apis mellifera (European bee) and Apis indica (Indian bee).

(2) Uses:

• Rock bee : They produce 36 kg of honey per comb per year. They produce bee wax. 
• Little bee : They produce half kg of honey per hive per year. 
• European bee : The average production per colony per year is 25 to 40 kg. 
• Indian bee : The average production per colony per year is 6 to 8 kg.

Nowadays, mycorrhiza are classified into 8 different types – ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, ectendomycorrhizae, orchidaceous mycorrhizae, ericoid mycorrhizae, arbutoid mycorrhizae, monotrapoid mycorrhizae and ophioglossoid mycorrhizae.

(1) Darwin has proposed two very important theories of evolution, viz. Theory of natural selection and Theory of origin of species.

(2) The evolution has taken place on the earth for last many crores of years.

(3) The exact nature and process of these evolutionary changes become clear after studying Darwinism.

(4) The observations made by Darwin at that time are now tested according to the modern development in science and are found to be correct. Thus, his work is said to be a milestone.

Plymouth rock, Rhode Island Red, Aseel, Brahma and Kadaknath

Economic importance of fisheries is as follows:

1. Fish is a nutritious food and thus is a source of many vitamins, minerals and nutrients. 

2. Commercial products such as fish oil, fish meal and fertilizers, fish guano, fish glue, isinglass are prepared from fish.

3. These by-products are used in paints, soaps, oils and medicines. 

4. Some organisms like prawns and lobsters have high export value and market price. 

5. Fish farming and other fishery trades provide job opportunity and selfemployment 

6. Productivity and national economy is improved through fishery practices.

1. Bee keeping requires bee hive boxes which consist of comb foundation sheets. 

2. In addition, the bee veil, smoker, bee brush, gloves, gumshoes, uncapping knives, swarm net, queen excluder, overall hive tool, etc. are required. 

3. Bee keeping requires familiarity with the habits of bees, selection of suitable location, catching and hiving of swarms, management of hives during different seasons, handling and collection of honey, bee wax and other products. 

4. Successful bee keeping also requires periodic inspection for cleanliness of hive boxes, activity of bees and queen, condition of brood, provision of water.

Ranikhet, Bronchitis, Avian influenza (bird flu), Bird flu

(a) Devenkanal