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Because these are free from virus.

The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance, etc. This evaluation is done by growing these in the research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation, and other crop management practices. The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials.in fanners’ fields, for at least three growing seasons at several locations in the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones where the crop is usually grown. The material is evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar-a check or reference cultivar.

Correct option  (c)

Explanation:

In virus-infected plants the meristematic tissues in both apical and axillary buds are free of virus because the cell division of meristems are faster than the rate of viral multiplication.

It is the science of systematic breeding and raising of domesticated animals as per human requirement.

1. Nitrogen is a major nutrient for plant growth. 

2. Proper carbon/nitrogen ratio in soil is necessary for plant growth. 

3. It is component of proteins in the form of amino acids. 

4. Proteins are synthesised from photosynthetic products sugars. 

5. Nitrogen exists in atmosphere but it is inert, non-reactive. 

6. Plants need nitrogen in a reactive form usually nitrate in soil. 

7. This supply need to be maintained through biological and physical nitrogen fixation. 

8. Otherwise productivity is affected hence it is limiting nutrient in the agricultural ecosystem.

The merging of protoplasts obtained from two different cells to form a hybrid protoplast is called protoplast fusion.

Cell wall is the most important physical barrier in such experiments. This can be overcomed by treatment with enzymes like cellulase and pectinase which have the ability to digest the cell wall and liberate the naked protoplast surrounded only by the dell membrane.

Inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal. Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.

(i) A is the floating cover which is placed over the slurry, which keeps on rising as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity.

(ii) B is the biogas which is a mixture of gases consisting of methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. It can be used as a source of energy to nearby houses as it is inflammable. C is the spent slurry or sludge which is removed through another outlet and may be used as fertiliser.

Hilsa is a marine fish.

Any unfavourable condition for the plant growth and development is called stress. For example, drought, salinity, cold, pest and diseases are different type of stresses.

Gamete is the sexual reproductive unit. They are usually haploid cells.

i. In plants bearing bisexual flowers, the anthers are removed from the flower before they dehisce. This is called emasculation. The emasculated flowers are covered with a bag of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When this stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen grains are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged to allow the fruits to develop.

ii. If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is no need of emasculation. The flower buds are bagged before the flowers open. When the stigma becomes receptive, pollen is dusted on stigma and the flower is rebagged.

(i) In plants bearing bisexual flowers, the anthers are removed from the flower before they dehisce. This is called emasculation. The emasculated flowers are covered with a bag of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When this stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen grains are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged to allow the fruits to develop. 

(ii) If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, emasculation is not done. The flower buds are bagged before the flowers open. When the stigma becomes receptive, pollen is dusted on stigma and the flower is rebagged.

Evaluation is done by growing these plants in research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other crop management practices.

(c)  3 4 1 2

Maize, jowar, bajra

Resistant to water stress has been improved.

Brasilia Declaration or road safety:

1. Taking road safety as a serious issue, India signed Brasilia Declaration in 2015 through which the participants.

2. Across the world are committed to improve road safety and ways to reduce the traffic deaths by the end of this decade.

India Signed Brasilia Declaration in 2015

1. When water is boiled, all the disease causing pathogens present in it are killed. 

2. Different diseases like cholera, enteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid are caused by such water-borne pathogens. 

3. If we boil the water we are protected against all such diseases. 

4. If the i water is filtered we can avoid infections from nematode Dracunculus which causes Naru. By boiling and filtering water, even the epidemics by such infectious diseases can be controlled.

The diet that contains all the nutrients in the balanced proportion is called balanced diet. One can avoid malnutrition by taking balanced diet. The immunity increases due to balanced diet containing good proportion of vitamins and minerals. Some diseases can be avoided due to raised immunity. Wrong lifestyle and wrong diet can cause hypertension, diabetes or heart disease. To maintain our health and keep the body in equilibrium, we have to take balanced diet.

Government of India started the Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana on 1st July 2015. Under this scheme people who are not able to afford best quality medicines are given generic medicines of the same quality at much reduced price.

Generic medicines are also called general medicines. They are affordable for the common citizens of India. These medicines are manufactured and distributed without any patent. They are similar in quality and composition as the branded i medicines. The proportion of compounds in these medicines and its formula of preparation is readily available. Thus the money spent on the research is reduced. Therefore, generic medicines are much cheaper than the expensive branded medicines.

By exercise and yoga, the blood circulation of body is improved. Body and joints remain flexible. Mental strain and stress is reduced. Insomnia (inability to fall asleep), arthritis, indigestion, and some other disorders can be avoided. The person who performs exercise, always remains away from the addictions. Yoga makes levels of hormones, enzymes, etc. in equilibrium. By keeping control over breathing through pranayama many respiratory and circulatory disorders can be prevented.

Due to uncontrolled cell division there is a formation of lump of cancerous cells. If this lump is without the covering, then it is called malignant tumour.

AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies, Polio.

Malaria, Dengue, Elephantiasis.

When the blood circulation for the heart muscles is obstructed, it does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients. Due to this condition heart has to exert more and gets stressed resulting into loss of efficiency.

1. Communicable diseases spread when people share space with a diseased person. 

2. If people suffering from l communicable diseases go to a public place, they would spread the disease causing germs in the air. 

3. These germs can be transmitted to other healthy persons. 

4. If the resistance power of the persons is less, they will fall sick by getting infected.

5. This may break into an epidemic. Therefore, people suffering from communicable diseases should avoid going to public places.

Angioplasty, By-Pass surgery, open heart surgery, installation of stents, installation of pacemaker, heart transplant are some of the treatment for heart diseases.

Virus causing rabies enter the brain through neurons.

Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Leprosy.

Infectious diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food, vectors such as insects, animals and man.

 (d) Same function, different structure

Asthma, cataract, diseases of kidney such as kidney stones and renal failure, arthritis, Alzheimer which is a condition during old age, hypertension, migraine, etc.

1. If part of the respiratory system is under the attack of cancer, it can cause, long term cough, hoarse voice, difficulty in swallowing or difficulty in breathing. 

2. The wounds do not become cured and the scar too is incurable. Inflammations does not subside. 

3. There is formation of tumour like lump in the breast of the females. 

4. In all the types of cancer there is unexplained weight loss.

Formation of new species from the existing ones over the period of time is called speciation. Speciation takes place due to gene flow, genetic drift, reproductive isolation and finally natural selection.

The maximum number of patients of diabetes are found in India.

According to Darwin, natural selection is the process which brings about evolution of new species of plants and animals. 

It consists of the following processes: 

(i) He noted that the size of population tends to remain constant despite the fact that more offsprings are produced than needed. 

(ii) Variations provide adaptations. 

(iii) The best adopted survive in the changing environment (survival of the fittest). 

(iv) Nature selects the best organisms with better adaptations and after many generations new species are formed (natural selection).

An adaptation is characteristics feature which helps an organism to survive in its habitat in a better way.

Homologous organs.

Speciation is the process of formation of a new species from the already existing species by accumulation of variations, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, etc.

The sperm decides the sex of the child.

Microevolutions is the evolution that takes place on a relatively small scale at the population level and can change the common characteristics of particular species.

Sexual reproduction.

Fossils are preserved traces or remains of living organisms of geological past.

Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes over millions of years in which new species are produced.Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist who observed various species of life on the earth and put forward the idea of “evolution of species by natural selection.