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When the landlord’s daughter heard the news of Sindhu’s dancing goats she became eager and impatient. She asked her father to summon the peasant for her entertainment. Sindhu came to her house and played flute on her request which made the goats dance merrily. The landlord’s daughter was very much pleased to see this performance. She at once decided to buy one of the goats on whatever price Sindhu asked for.

जब जमींदार की लड़की ने सिन्धु के नाचने वाले बकरों के बारे में खबर सुनी तो वह उत्सुक और बेचैन हो गई। उसने अपने पिता से कहा कि उस किसान को बुलावा भेजें उसके मनोरंजन के लिये। सिन्धु उसके घर आया और उसकी प्रार्थना पर बांसुरी बजाने लगा जिससे बकरे खुशी से नाचने लगे। जमींदार की लड़की इस प्रस्तुति को देखकर अत्यन्त प्रसन्न हुई और उसने तुरन्त उन बकरों में से एक को खरीदने का फैसला कर लिया चाहे सिन्धु उनकी कुछ भी कीमत लगाए।

Correct option is  C) λ ∝ 1/υ

Option : (B) Results of student A are both precise and accurate.

Option : (D) 18.24

i. 3 

ii. 1 

iii. 3 

iv. 2 

v. 3 

vi. 6

vii. 5 

viii. 1

C) Wavelength

Option : (B) 3

A good example of a stolon bearing plant is Jasmine.

C) both i and iii

Garlic is a good example of bulb

Signs and symptoms of mental depression: 

1. Loss of self confidence and self esteem 

2. Anxiety 

3. Not being able to enjoy things that are usually pleasurable or interesting.

(B) the Southern Hemisphere

(a) The process by which new species develop from the existing species is known as speciation. New species are formed when the population of same species splits into two separate groups which then get isolated from each other geographically by the barriers such as mountain ranges, rivers or the sea. The geographical isolation of the two groups of population leads to their reproductive isolation due to which no genes are exchanged between them. However, breeding continues within the isolated populations producing more and more generations. Over the generations, the processes of genetic drift (random change in gene frequency), and natural selection operate in different ways in the two isolated groups of population and make them more and more different from each other. After thousands of years, the individuals of these isolated groups of population become so different that they will be incapable of reproducing with each other even if they happen to meet again. We then say that two new species have been formed. 

(b) Geographical isolation will not be a major factor in the speciation of a self pollinating plant because it does not depend on other plants for its process of reproduction

(a) Natural selection is the process of evolution of a species whereby characteristics which help individual organisms to survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring, and those characteristics which do not help are not passed on.

(b) Yes, only those variations that confer advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. This will become clear from the following example. Suppose there is a population of red beetles in the green bushes and a colour variation arises during reproduction so that one beetle is now green in colour (instead of red). This variation offers advantage of survival because the green beetle can mix up with green bushes, it cannot be spotted and eaten up by a crow and hence its population will increase. If, however, the variation had produced a blue coloured beetle, then this colour could not offer any survival advantage because blue beetle in green bushes could be easily spotted by a crow and eaten by it.

Natural selection is the phenomenon by which nature selects those species which possess survival advantage over the other species. According to the theory of natural selection, there is a struggle of existence within the species of a population for the environmental resources and their struggle leads to survival of certain organisms and elimination of the less competent species. The better-adapted organisms would, thus, survive and pass on their traits to next generation, gradually leading to evolution. 

Speciation is a process of formation of new species from the existing one due to reproductive isolation of a part of its population. This reproductive isolation can occur due to geographical isolation of a part of the population. With time, the genetic drift will accumulate different variations in each of the geographically separated sub-population. Ultimately all the individuals of these two groups will isolate reproductively, thus, leading to the formation and evolution of new species. Thus lt,e can say that both natural selection and speciation lead to the evolution of species on earth.

Speciation is the formation of new species from the pre-existing population.
Factors responsible for speciation:
(i) Genetic drift
(ii) Geographical isolation
(iii) Natural selection
(iv) Mutation

Old profit and loss ratio for A, B and C = 3 : 2 : 1

After retirement of C, new ratio for A and B = 7 : 5

Now, Gain = New share – Old share

A’s gain = \(\frac{7}{12}-\frac{3}{6}=\frac{7-6}{12}=\frac{1}{12}\) ;

B’s gain = \(\frac{5}{12}-\frac{2}{6}=\frac{5-4}{12}=\frac{1}{12}\)

∴ Gaining ratio for A and B = 1 : 1 ;

New profit-loss ratio for A and B = 7 : 5

From the capital amount of A and C,

we can say that gaining ratio for A and C = 3 : 2.

Now, Gain = Share of retiring partner × Gain Share

A’s gain = \(\frac{5}{10}\times\frac{3}{5}=\frac{15}{50}\) ;

C’s gain = \(\frac{5}{10}\times\frac{2}{5}=\frac{10}{50}\)

∴ Gaining ratio = \(\frac{15}{50}:\frac{10}{50}\) = 3 : 2

Now, New share = Old share + Gain

A’s ne wshare= \(\frac{4}{10}+\frac{15}{50}=\frac{20+15}{50}=\frac{35}{50}\) ;

C’s new share = \(\frac{1}{10}+\frac{10}{50}=\frac{5+10}{50}=\frac{15}{50}\)

∴ New profit-loss sharing ratio for A and C = \(\frac{35}{50}:\frac{15}{50}\) = 7 : 3

Cooperative societies: A business or organization owned equally by all the people working in the field, i.e. agriculture or mining or handlooms, etc.

Yes, I agree with the statement. 

• Underemployment arises when employed persons contribute less than their capacity. 
• In rural areas, on the farms, labourers work for 2-3 hours a day and since alternative jobs are not available, they remain idle for the rest of the day. 
• In urban areas, because of the shortage of employment, when qualified persons do not get jobs as per their qualifications, they accept either lowpaid or part-time jobs. 
• Hence, in both rural and urban areas underemployment is found, although it is more in rural areas.

i. Frictional unemployment.

ii. Seasonal unemployment.

iii. Structural unemployment.

Yes, I agree with the statement. 

• Frictional unemployment arises when there are problems like a breakdown of machinery, shortage of raw materials, power failure, etc. and some workers are removed from their jobs.
• All these are temporary problems and can be solved in a short period. 
• Such problems do not cause a serious problem. 
• Hence, it is right to say that frictional employment is temporary in nature.

With many revolts like revolts of the poor, unemployed workers and starving Peasants during 1848 in Europe, educated middle class of France also started a revolution for the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe, men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage o{ the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles - a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association. The issue of extending political rights to women was most controversial subject matter within the liberal movement in which large number of women had participated actively.

(i) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(ii) The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence.
(iii) It became the source of big power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and military might.

Unemployment is a situation in which a person between the age group of 15 to 59 years, who is willing and able to work at the prevailing wage but not getting any job. Hence it is a situation of scarcity of jobs, where the supply of labour is more than its demand.

Concepts of Unemployment: 

• Involuntary unemployment: It refers to a situation when people are able and willing to work but there is no work for them due to excess of labour force in relation to demand labour it is also known as visible or open unemployment. Such unemployment is found in both rural and urban areas. 
• Voluntary unemployment: This is not really unemployment, it is “idleness”. It is a type of unemployment where a person is fit to work but not willing to work. E.g. Rich people not willing to work or beggars who are not ready to work or educated people waiting for white-collared jobs. 
• Underemployment: It is a situation where a person’s capacity to work is not fully utilized with respect to time, energy, or education. E.g: a CA working as a clerk, or a person who is ready to work full time gets a part-time job.
• Full employment: It is a situation where all the available resources in an economy are used to their optimum level.

The unemployment situation found in village and rural areas is called rural unemployment. 

The main two types of rural unemployment are:

(i) Seasonal unemployment: In India, agriculture depends on the monsoon, therefore only one crop can be grown during a year. The rural agricultural labourers work mostly for 4 to 5 months during rains and rest of the year they are idle. Hence unemployment during the off-season is known as seasonal unemployment. Seasonal unemployment is also found in tourism, marriage bands, sugar factories, ice factory, fisheries, etc. 

(ii) Disguised unemployment: It is also known as invisible unemployment. It is a situation where more people are working when less is required. E.g. on a piece of land when 6 workers work, the output produced is 20 quintals. If 2 workers are removed, then also the output produced is 20 quintals. This means 2 workers are not adding anything to the production. Hence these surplus workers are said to be disguisedly unemployed or in economic terms, the marginal productivity of these disguisedly unemployed labours is zero.

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

• Problems of unemployment in India and America are not the same.
• India is a developing country whereas America is a developed one.
• India being an agricultural economy, in rural areas there is a problem of disguised and seasonal unemployment and in urban areas, there is underemployment, frictional, structural, and educated unemployment.
• All this is because of overpopulation. 
• But America is a technically advanced country and being thinly populated, the problem of unemployment is not so very serious.
• More often cyclical unemployment is found there which is because of a lack of effective demand. 
• Hence, the statement that the problems of unemployment in India and America are the same is not correct.

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

• Disguised unemployment is a special feature of rural areas. 
• It exists when more workers are employed in a sector than what is actually required. 
• They seem to be working but their contribution to the work is zero. 
• This is found more in rural areas because of the high growth of the population and the lack of alternative job opportunities. 
• In urban areas, we find educated unemployment or there may be frictional, structural, cyclical, or technological unemployment. 
• Hence, disguised unemployment is a part of rural unemployment.

(i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly known as Slaves.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control o{ the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria carrying a complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power-Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

• The high growth of the population is one of the causes of rural unemployment. 
• Other causes are: 
• Seasonal nature of agriculture. 
• Lack of mobility. 
• Declining of handicrafts. 
• Under the development of villages. 
• Joint family system. 
• Law of inheritance. 
• Illiteracy among the people. 

Hence, the high growth of the population is not the only cause of rural unemployment.

(i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly known as Slaves.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control o{ the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria carrying a complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power-Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War

1. Urban unemployment

 2. Disguised unemployment

3. Underemployment

4. Frictional unemployment

5. Cyclical unemployment

6. April 1999

7. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

8. Training about 2 lakh rural youth every year.

(i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly known as Slaves.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control o{ the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria carrying a complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power-Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War

(i) Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional division.
(ii) They spoke French for the purpose of diplomacy and in high society.
(iii) Industrialisation began in England in second half of the 18th century but in France and German states, it occurred only during 19th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being.
(iv) It was among the educated liberal middle class that ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

(v) Nations began to be perceived as having a definite territory, anthem, and flag, together with a Parliament which was elected by property-owning men of the middle class.

The value of goods and services produced in an economy in a financial year is known as GDP.

Employment is a situation where the able-bodied persons are willing to work and are engaged in some productive activity to earn an income.

The other name of underemployment is disguised unemployment.

1. Unemployment

2. Unemployed

3. Underemployed

4. Employed

5. Voluntary unemployment

Economic effects of unemployment: 

• Waste of human resources: Human resources are wasted due to unemployment in the country. These resources could have been used in the production activity of the economy. 
• Difficult to implement welfare schemes: Due to corruption and malpractices, it is difficult to implement various welfare schemes introduced by the government from time to time. 
• Poverty and Income inequality: Lack of employment leads to poverty and income inequality in the economy.
• Growth of informal sector: Due to unemployment, poverty increases in the economy which will attract the growth of informal sectors like smuggling, drug peddling, black marketing, etc. 
• High dependency ratio: When unemployment increases in an economy, it will lead to an increase in dependency ratio. 
• The unemployed group will become the burden on the employed group.

Causes of Unemployment: 

• The slow rate of economic development: Slow rate of economic development has resulted in the inability of the economy to give employment to the additional labour force. Therefore, unemployment is increasing. 
• Excessive use of machinery: Industries are undergoing modernization and using more machines and less labour. This reduces employment opportunities. Also, in the agricultural sector, producers are increasingly substituting capital for labour. 
• Migration of rural population: Agriculture being seasonal, in the offseason, there are no alternative jobs available. So they migrate to urban areas and the number of unemployed increases in urban areas. 
• Expectation towards employment: Educated people have high expectations about the salary and they want ‘white-collar jobs which are not enough. They prefer to remain unemployed rather than accepting a lower salary. This also causes unemployment.

Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad state, was one of the most powerful members at the court of the Mughal Emperor, Farrukh Siyar. To strengthen his position, Asaf Jah: 

• brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south. 
• appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs. 
• ruled quite independently without seeking any direction from Delhi or facing any interference. The Mughal emperor merely confirmed the decisions already taken by the Nizam. 
• gathered power by taking advantage of the turmoil in the Deccan and the competition amongst the court nobility.

Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in _1724_.

Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people to the total population is high.

Wrong Pair : 

(4) Industrial unemployment – Due to fast industrial growth.

Disguised unemployment