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Genus, Species

Systematics science deals with the inter relationship among morphological features, evolutionary development, variations among animals and animal fossils.

The branch of science that deals with the animals is Zoology.

The branch of zoology that deals with the classification and its evolutionary relations is taxonomy.

• A typical anther contains two lobes. 
• This condition is referred to as bilobed or dithecous anther.

• On the surface of the insect-pollinated pollen grains, an oily layer is found.
• This layer has a specific colour, odour and sticky nature are known as pollen kit.

The egg cell and the two synergids present along with egg cell constitute the egg apparatus

The secondary nucleus is formed by the fusion of two polar nuclei.

Megaspore mother cell is formed in the hypodermal region of nucellus at the micropylar end of an ovule

The answer is (b) Two

The fatty substances deposited on the wall of pollen by the secretions of tapetal cells ore termed as Ubisch bodies.

• The orthotropous ovule is straight in its orientation on the placenta and hence, the funicle, chalaza and micropyle lie in one straight line. 
• Whereas in anatropous ovule the body of the ovule is inverted and is turned at an angle of 180^° so that the micropyle and the hilum come to lie close to each other.

• A mature ovule of angiosperms is almost oval and has the following parts.
• The body of the ovule is called the nucellus.
• It remains covered by two integuments. 
• These arise from the base of the ovule. 
• At the free end of the ovule, the integuments are incomplete and so there is a minute opening called micropyle. 
• The stalk of the ovule is called as funicle. 
• The point of attachment of the body of an ovule with the stalk is called hilum. 
• The base of the ovule from where integuments arise is called chalaza

The typical ovule of angiosperms is anatropous or inverted type

Circinotropous ovule is found in Cactus.

A typical anther consists of four pollen chambers

• Synergids play some role in guiding entry of pollen tube into embryo sac in close vicinity of an egg cell. 
• The two polar nuclei fuse to form a secondary nucleus or definitive nucleus which after an act of double fertilization forms triploid nutritive tissue called endosperm. 
• The antipodal cells play some role in regulating the act of fertilization and double fertilization, but how, is not yet clearly understood.

• Pollen grains in angiosperms are unicellular, uninucleate, haploid, non-motile normally round structure. 
• The nucleus and dense cytoplasm are covered by a two-layered wall. 
• The outer layer is thick, stiff and protective and is called exine. 
• The inner layer is thin and elastic and is made up of cellulose and pectin.
• There are a few thin areas in the exine called germ pores.

• There are small thin areas in the otherwise thick and hard exine. 
• These are called germ pores. 
• The pollen tube comes out from the germ pore.

Anther wall consists of four layers namely – 

• epidermis 
•  endothecium 
• middle layers
• tapetum

• Anatropous ovule is a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk.
• A small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant; develops into a seed after fertilization.

• It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. 
• The epidermis serves several functions
• It protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients

• The main function of endothecium is of production of pollen grains in anther.
• As a part of pollen development, the cell lining of anther lumens is called as endothecium. 
• It secretes the material that are essential for the proper maturation of pollen grains in plants.

• A monoecious plant is a plant where both the male and female reproductive systems exist on the same plant. 
• Monoecious plants possess some flowers that are female and others that are male. 
• Species that are able to pollinate themselves are considered self-pollinating.

Synergid cells are two specialized cells that lie adjacent to the egg cell in the female gametophyte of angiosperms and play an essential role in pollen tube guidance and function.

Besides protection of contents of pollen sac, endothecium ensures dehiscence of anther at mature.

The answer is 16 pollen tetrads.

Answer is Intine

Hilum – The point of attachment of the body of the ovule with its stalk is called hilum.

Funicle – The stalk of the ovule is called funicle. 

Chalaza – The basal part of the body of ovule from 3. where the integuments arise is called chalaza.

Characteristics of ideal fuel: 

(i) It should have high calorific value. 

(ii) It should burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases. 

(iii) It should have proper ignition temperature. 

(iv) It should cheap and easily available. 

Two characteristics of good fuel are :

(i) It is smokeless and leaves no residue

(ii) It has a higher heat of combustion.

A substance that can be consumed to produce energy is called a fuel E.g., coal, petroleum

Fuels formed from the decomposition of ancient animal and plant remains millions of years ago and which provide energy by combustion are called fossil fuels. 

For example : Coal and petroleum

 Two examples of fossil fuels are:

Coal, Petroleum.

 Natural fuels formed deep under the earth from the pre-historic remains of the organisms (like plants and animals) are called fossil fuels. Ex. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.

The birds which move from one region to another for food and shelter are called migratory birds.

A) Information of endangered species of animals

B) The number of different species in a given region

1. List of Animals and Birds: 

Lion, Tiger, Jackel, Fox, Wolves, Deer, Monkeys, Hyena, Squirrel, jungle foul etc. Birds like Crow, Pigeon, Peacock, Koel, Parrot, Flemingo, Mynah, King Fisher, Emu, Migratory shore birds etc. 

2. The endangered species of plants and animals of India are: 

Lion, Red fox, Single horned (Rhinoceros), Vulture, Spotted chital deer, Loris, Black spider monkey, wild cat, cycas, Rauvolfia serpentine, Nepenthes, Sandle wood tree. 

3. These species include mammals – 

Indian cheetah, Japan Rhinoceros and Sumatran Rhinoceros. Some species of birds of gone extinct in recent times – including pink headed duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacca) and Himalayan quail (Ophrysia superciliosia) 

4. Warbler (Acrocephalus orinus) – 

Rampur in H.P was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand.

5. Based on the case study we find that many animals that were found earlier are not found now.

6. The reason for this is exploitation of land and forest resources by humans, along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction. Feeding of Diclofenac treated cattle is the reason for disappearance of vulture.

बिना डॉक्टर के परामर्श के दवाइयाँ इसलिए नहीं लेनी चाहिए क्योंकि अधिक मात्रा में दवा विषैला प्रभाव डालती है तथा जीवधारी के कार्यों में व्यवधान उत्पन्न करती है।

बिना डॉक्टर के परामर्श के दवाइयाँ इसलिए नहीं लेनी चाहिए क्योंकि अधिक मात्रा में दवा विषैला प्रभाव डालती है तथा जीवधारी के कार्यों में व्यवधान उत्पन्न करती है।

प्रोटीन, कार्बोहाइड्रेट, लिपिड, न्यूक्लीक अम्ल आदि।

प्रोटीन, कार्बोहाइड्रेट, लिपिड, न्यूक्लीक अम्ल आदि।

Correct option is (b) administration

Correct option is (a) top

हमें कृत्रिम मधुरकों की आवश्यकता कैलोरी कम करने तथा दंतक्षय को रोकने के लिए पड़ती है।

A program must contain instructions in a precise order. To organize and write these instructions in a logical order is called Programming.

A group of programs that are put into a computer to operate and control its activities are called the “software”.

बाइथायोनल एक पूतिरोधी है। यह त्वचा पर जैव पदार्थों के जीवाणुओं द्वारा अपघटन से उत्पन्न दुर्गंध को समाप्त कर देता है इसलिए इसका प्रयोग साबुनों में किया जाता है।