Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state.

(A) Financial (economic) responsibility,
(B) Legal responsibility,
(C) Ethical responsibility,
(D) Responsibility as per choice (Philanthropic responsibility)

The responsibilities of a business which it needs to fulfill can be divided in four levels. They are:

1. Financial (economic) responsibility
2. Legal responsibility
3. Ethical responsibility
4. Responsibility as per choice (Philanthropic responsibility)

• Once the company meets all its other responsibilities it can focus on fulfilling philanthropic responsibilities i.e. responsibilities by choice.
• These responsibilities focus on making an effort to benefit the society. For example, doing some donations for opening a public school, hospital, etc., setting-up a public park or orphanage, etc.

These responsibilities focus on making an effort to benefit the srociety. For example, doing some donations for opening a public school, hospital, etc. setting-up a public park or orphanage, etc.

It refers to the process of passing information from one person to another.

Erosional topographies formed by the sea waves include cliff, cave, sea cave, blow outs, natural arch, stack/cave pillars, wave cat platform, etc.

Egg – shaped structures formed by the erosion of tender rocks in regions of solid and tender rocks situated parallel to the shore are known as caves.

That part of the river where the river deposits alluvium at the time of floods. The land part formed by flood in this manner is known as flood plain.

Pillar which is formed due to the breaking down of the ceiling of a natural arch is known as cave pillar or stack.

Dam or wall built at a distant place from the shore but parallel to it is known as offshore bar.

Dam or wall which joins two islands in the oceanic region is known as connecting bar.

Triangular structure formed by deposition of alluvium on the estuary of river is known as delta.

Topographies formed in desert regions are the result of transportation, corrasion, attrition and deposition of debris.

Functions of commercial banks 

• A. Accepting deposits of 3 kinds 
• Current account deposits 
• Fixed-term deposits  
• Saving account deposits 

B. Giving loans and advances 

• Cash credit 
• Demand loans 
• Short term loans

C. Agency functions 

• Transfer of funds 
• Collection of funds 
• Payments of various items 
• Purchase and sale of shares and securities 
• Collection of dividends
• Trustees and executors of property 
• Letter of references

D. Financing of foreign trade 

E. Supply of liquidity 

F. Performing general utility functions

Alluvial cone, alluvial fan, delta, natural levees, flood plains and Ox – bow Lake are included in depositional topographies formed by rivers.

These type of topographies are formed due to erosion of ice which takes place on mountain slopes in glacial regions. Normally, the semi – circular/crescent or easy – chair shaped topography which is formed at the peak of the glacial valley is known as cirque or corrie.

Leveled land form which is formed by transformation of topographies built by endogenetic forces into extreme lowland by the action of winds, glacial, rivers and sea waves is known as peneplain.

Triangular beach formed from pebbles, stones, boulders, etc. which extends vertically towards the sea is known as cusp beach.

Those troughs which are formed by loose and disorganised terrain or rock parts blown and carried away by the wind are known as blow outs.

Zeugens are holes in desert regions formed by erosion of wind in the layers of hard and soft rocks spread alternately in Inkpot form.

Waterfall refers to the process of sudden and rapid fall of water upon a steep slope.

Canyon is a comparatively narrower and deeper valley than a gorge which is formed by river water.

River (Running water) sea waves,winds, glaciers and underground water are included in the factors of erosion.

Exogenetic forces perform the work of denudation in the form of weathering, erosion and mass translocation.

Correct option is 

(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.

because using less resources leads to efficiency and not effectiveness as specified.

Correct option is c) ii), iii), i)

(a) The fine and soft under-hair that grows close to the skin of the sheep have wool.
(b) White fleece of lamb means the colour of the fleece of lamb is white. The natural fleece of sheep and goats is black, brown or white.

(c) A dynamic function

as management keeps on changing according to prevailing market situations.

Correct option is (c) Both inefficient and ineffective

because lack of efficiency and effectiveness leads to mismanagement which is considered as poor management.

(iv) Woolly dog

Answer is (c) protein

(d) the process of taking silk threads from cocoon.

Correct option is (c) Both of the above

as it is focusing on achieving goals effectively and efficiently.

Correct option is (c) Efficiently and effectively

(b) rearing of silkworm.

1. Rearing: It is raising and taking care of livestock (e.g. cows, buffaloes, goats etc.); for commercial purposes. These animals are fed, provided shelters and are bred for better yield like milk, meat, wool etc. For example, Sheep are reared mainly for the wool. They are mainly reared in areas with low rainfall. Reared sheep eat grass and leaves. They are also fed on a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes and minerals. In winters they are kept indoors and fed on dry fodder, leaves and grains.
2. Shearing: Once a sheep develops a thick coat of hair, it is shaved off to obtain wool. The process of cutting off the woolen fleece of sheep with a thin layer of skin is called shearing. It is done by the machines similar to those used by barbers to remove hairs.
3. Sericulture: The breeding and management of silk worms for the production of silk is known as sericulture. Different types of silk (e.g. mulberry silk, Tassar silk etc.) with different textures are obtained from different varieties of silk moths.

1. Silk production involves cultivation of mulberry leaves and rearing silkworms. Sericulture 

2. Scientific name of mulberry is Morns alba. Moriculture

a. Captain of Guards was a tall, well- built, red-haired man of about twenty-five. He was handsomely dressed in his gold braided uniform. 

b. Chess 

c. A piece of gold cord 

d. May God bless you Sir Captain 

e. Dismounted

Meaning & Definition

An action or type of behaviour can be defined as misconduct if it is prejudicial to the interests of the employer and other employees, inconsistent with the norms set for discharging duties, unsafe or unfaithful to such a degree that it becomes incompatible to continue employer – employee relationships.

Categories of Misconduct

Disciplinary acts of misconduct can be categorized on the basis of the severity of the consequences.

(i) Minor Contravention– results in few serious consequences. Example – negligence, minor disobedience to rules, carelessness.

(ii) Major Contravention – Partially hinders the working of the organization. Example – lying, cheating, stealing

(iii) Intolerable Offences – are of unlawful and severe nature which endanger employment relationship. Example – threat to use weapon, use of drugs on the job, smoking near inflammables.

Misconduct Stated In Model Standing Orders

Here is an illustrative list of acts constituting misconduct under Model Standing Orders Act , 1946.

(i) Wilful insubordination or disobedience of any lawful and reasonable order , rule or regulation.

(ii) Refusal to work on a job or a machine which has been assigned to him.

(iii) Refusal to accept or reply to a charge sheet within the prescribed period of time.

(iv) Theft , fraud , or dishonesty in connection with the property of the company.

(v) Theft of another employee’s property inside the industrial area or company premises.

(vi) Causing willful damage to , or loss of , the employer’s goods or property.

(vii) Causing damage to a product in process or to any property.

(viii) Interference with , safety devices.

(ix) Non-observance of safety precautions and rules.

(x) Taking or giving a bribe or any illegal gratification.

(xii) Acceptance of gifts from subordinates.

(xiii) Habitual late coming.

(xiv) Absence from duty without leave.

(xv) Overstay when on leave without prior authorized permission.

(xvi) Entering or leaving , or attempting to enter or leave , the work premises except through authorized entrance and exits.

Have you ever given a thought as to why societies function? Why is it that since ages, human beings are able to live with each other peacefully? Yes, there have been certain incidences such as crimes and wars which do disturb the delicate fabric of the society once in a while, but still, on a whole, people have coexisted and survived for so many years. The main reason why humanity has survived for so long is due to certain rules, values, mores and ethics, which all of us abide by. Just imagine, what would happen if suddenly we were left without any sense of morality or values. In such a scenario, no doubt, chaos will prevail everywhere. Thus, ethics and values are the very foundations on which this society is standing.

Same is the case in business. Organizations which follow certain business ethics have better chances of survival, compared to the ones whose only goal is to make profits, even if they have to compromise on a lot of things for that. So what is the importance of business ethics? How does it benefit the business?

Profit Maximization

The importance of ethics in business can be understood by the fact that ethical businesses tend to make much more profits than the others. The reason for this is that customers of businesses which follow ethics are loyal and satisfied with the services and product offerings of such businesses. Let us take an example. Suppose, there is an organization named XYZ which manufactures cosmetics. XYZ greatly believes in the importance of business ethics. When XYZ advertises its cosmetics in the market, being an ethical organization, it will be very truthful and honest in its communication with the probable customers. It will tell correctly about the kind of ingredients it has used while manufacturing the cosmetics. It will not lie or exaggerate about the benefits or uses of its products either. So the customers, who buy its cosmetics, know precisely what they are buying and how useful that product is going to be for them. This way, the product will meet their expectations and thus, satisfy the customers. When customers are satisfied, they will become loyal to the company and come back again for re-purchasing. This will surely increase the profits of the organization. Thus, the importance of business ethics is that it creates loyalty in customers and maximizes the profits.

Efficient Utilization of Business Resources

In an organization, people working at the junior levels often emulate the ones working at the top. The same applies with ethics too. If the management or seniors of an organization follow ethical business practices, i.e, they do not bribe to get their way or they do not cheat the customers, investors, suppliers, etc., the employees will follow suit. The employees too will refrain from using the office property or resources for personal benefits. This will result in better and efficient utilization of the business resources.

Creates Goodwill in the Market

An organization, which is well known for its ethical practices, creates goodwill for itself in the market. Investors or venture capitalists are more willing to put their money in the businesses which they can trust. Shareholders too, remain satisfied with the practices of ethical businesses. Thus, the importance of business ethics in creating goodwill and building long term relationships, cannot be denied. Also, an ethical business puts greater value on its employees and thus, employees remain loyal to such an organization too.

The chief goal of any organization is to maximize its profits. The importance of business ethics can be understood from the fact that it helps the businesses in achieving its goal of profit making by creating goodwill for the business in the market, increasing its loyalty among the customers, by aiding in employee retention and by maximum utilization of its resources.

Answer: (a) → 2, (b) → 1, (c) → 4, (d) → 3

(a)Growers of woad in Europe saw indigo as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.

(b)The demand for indigo increased in the late-eighteenth-century Britain because of the expansion of cotton production as a result of industrialisation, which in turn created an enormous demand for cloth dyes

(c)The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of synthetic dyes.

(d)The Champaran movement was against indigo planters.

Air transportation is used the maximum to travel abroad in the modern times.

According to the Permanent, the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as zamindars and were given the responsibility of revenue collection from the peasants. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently and hence the name Permanent Settlement.

In order to get a stable revenue income, most of the East India Company’s officials believed that investment in land had to be encouraged and agriculture had to be improved. This led to introduction of permanent settlement in 1793
(i) By the terms of the settlement the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as zamindars.
(ii) They were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the company.
(iii) The amount to be paid was fixed permanently.
(iv) It was felt that this would ensure a regular flow of revenue into the company’s coffers and at the same time encourages the zamindars to invest is improving the land.
(v) If the zamindars failed to pay the revenue, which they usually did as the fixed revenue was very high, they lost their zamindari.