Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Inter – disciplinary approach

(d) Behaviouralism

(a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution

(a) Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because they provided shelter from the rain, heat and wind. 

(b) Grasslands developed around 12000 years ago. 

(c) Early people painted on the walls of caves. 

(d) In Hunsgi, tools were made of limestone.

Winter in India:

• India experiences winter in the months of December, January and February.
• Sun shines in a slant direction and so India experiences cold in these months.
• Winter is quite cold and long in regions of north India like Shimla and Darjeeling. Many times, the temperature in these regions falls below 5° C and snowfall occurs.
• Since south India is near the sea and Equator, it does not experience much cold.

The ways hunter-gathers used fire are: 

1.They used fire to scare away animals and in their battle for survival. 

2.To cook and roast meat. 

3.To warm themselves during the cold weather.

4.Used as as a source of light.

If Neinuo wanted to eat rice she should have gone to the state of West Bengal (a major rice product area).

(a) Millets have been found at Hallur. ( True).
(b) People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses. (False).
(c) Chirand is a site in Kashmir. (False).
(d) Jadeite. found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China. (True).

Summer in India:

India experiences summer between the months of March and May.
Sunrays fall directly on Tropic of Cancer. Hence, regions of India lying around it experience extreme heat.

Temperature at central and mid western regions of India goes as high as 45° C to 50° C during April and June. Desert of Rajasthan also remains extremely hot.

Because it is near to the Equator.

The regions near the Tropic of Cancer; because the rays of the sun fall straight on these regions.

Mehrgarh is located in present -day Baluchistan near Bolan pass in Pakistan. Archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters because they have found bones of many kinds of animal bones from the earliest levels.These included bones of wild animals such as deer and pig. In later levels they found more bones of sheep and goat and in still later levels, cattle bones are more common.This clearly shows a transition from the practice of hunting to domesticating animals.

April, May and June.

MFA governed the world trade in textiles and garments since 1974. 

Chromo plants: These are the coloured plastids present ¡n only in plant cells.

• The nucleus regulates and controls all the functions and determines the characteristics of the organism. 
• It is the bearer of genetic information and is closely involved in cell division.

Chloroplasts occur only in the ceils of green plant parts like the leaf and tender I stem.

Chloroplasts trap the energy of sunlight and transform it into chemical energy in photosynthesis.

Hormone: An organic substance produced in small amounts at one site ¡n an organism and transported to another site where it acts.

Chlora plants: Chloroplasts are a type of plastids in green colour. They are of different shapes disc, oval, etc.

Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane.

Plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins.

Matrix: It is the space between cristae

Plasma membrane: The outermost layer of the cell that separates cytoplasm from the external environment.

Enzyme: An organic catalyst that catalyses a reaction within a cell.

Leucoplasts: These are colourless plastids present only ¡n plant cells.

The nucleus is the most important organelle of the cell.

Unicellular: Organism made of a single cell.

The plasma membrane defines the shape and size of the cell and protects from the external environment.

Nucleus was named by Robert Brown in 1831.

Multicellular organism: Organism made up of many cells.

In-plant cells, a cell wall composed of cellulose is located outside the cell membrane. 

The cell wall is a tough, flexible porous layer.

During growth and development, the cell wall continuously exchanges information with other cells.

On the basis of the presence of nuclear membrane, cells are categorized into two types, i.e., Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic cells.

The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cell: Cell contains a membrane bound nuclear material or cell with a distinct nucleus.

Prokaryotic cell: Cell that does not have a nuclear membrane-bound nuclear material or cell without a distinct nucleus.

The cytoplasm is the fluid content, contains cell organelles.

In prokaryotes, membrane-bound cell organelles are also absent.

Prokaryotic cells nuclear membrane is absent 

e.g.: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

Two types: 

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) 

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum transports the substances.

According to Professor Mehta, the requirements are infinite, unlimited and after the fulfillment of one of these requirements, another second requirement is born. Changes can be made on the ideal of wantlessness in the production and consumption of goods and services. This situation means that all the work that is necessary has to be done with a selfless purpose.

It should be according to the quantity of sacrifice.

Professor J.K Mehta has presented wantlessness in the perspective of Gandhiji’s trusteeship, and considered it to be the end of all problems. In the words of Professor Mehta, if we follow all the right tasks of all happiness, then all tasks will not be finished. There will be no need to levy tax on the rich class for the welfare of the poor. Gandhiji wanted the rich to do so much that along with themselves the poor could also consume.

Professor Mehta has considered the need of human beings as infinite in his principle of want lessness, in which the second requirement is immediately born when one requirement is met. This is the situation of unconscious needs. A person who has never heard of something nor has ever seen it, will certainly not need the consciousness to see it nor he will feel pain in his heart if he does not obtain it.

According to Mehta, the given wantlessness principle does not apply to this unconscious need. Man’s needs grow with his income. The needs of a wealthy person will be higher than the requirement of a poor person. That means, the poor person is looking for adequate means to fulfill one of his needs, and after its fulfillment, he gets the feeling of pleasure in the same. Mehta’s wantlessness principle does not apply in every area altogether. It applies only to the person’s essential needs.

His needs are more.

(a) Ultimate goal

Under pure science, we study general principles, while under practical science, we examine these principles in a given framework. Pure economics studies human behaviour under the definite perspective of ‘the limitations of the means’. In practical economics we see how this principle applies to specific areas of human activity.