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(a)  sunrise

The first stanza of the poet contains a figure of speech – the hyperbole – which is used to highlight a particular point through exaggeration. The male Sarus crane is shown as if it is stretching its neck to pull out the sun from the rim of the horizon. It is shown to be engaged in an impossible act, and yet the very attempt to do it shows the courage of the crane. However, the bird was no match for the cunningness and heartlessness of man. 

The second stanza contains the figure of speech ‘simile’ – “to lie like dirty linen”. The proud, dignified bird was killed and thrown into the washing bag like dirty linen. This reveals the callousness and lack of aesthetic sense of the hunter. The beautiful, graceful bird was just a piece of meat for him.

1. Poem brings out a contrast between birds and hunter. 

2. Male bird is ‘necking’. The word can be interpreted in two different ways. 

3. Hunter shoots down a bird and picking it up, throws it into a washing bag. 

4. Birds are very graceful and beautiful but the hunter treats them carelessly 

5. Hunter goes away but female bird stays there. 

Paragraph:

The callousness of the hunters is brought out in the way the poet describes killing of a male sarus bird. It was shot when the bird had dipped its beak in the water. It seemed like it was trying to pull the reluctant sun out of the water at the rim of the horizon. The hunters were not touched by the beauty of the bird. They picked up the dead bird by its hands and jaws and flung it into a course bag as if it were a piece of dirty linen and the bag a washing bag.

1. A wave of grief. 

2. The female bird hadn’t known grief or sadness before. 

3. Personification.

(a) callousness of the hunters

Following are the advantages of using biofertilisers in agriculture:

i. Biofertilisers do not cause any pollution.

ii. These are cheap and economical.

iii. Some of them act as biopesticides also.

iv. In ill-irrigated conditions few biofertilisers can enhance the crop yield.

v. They improve soil structure and function.

vi. They make available vitamins and other growth promoting biochemicals.

(i) Coleoptile: It protects the plumule of the monocot embryo.

(ii) Tapetum: It provides nourishment to developing pollen.

In monocot embryo, the plumule is covered by a protective sheath called coleoptile and the radicle along with root cap is covered by a protective sheath called coleorhiza.

i) The colour of any plant depends on the pigments present inside that plant cell. 

ii) The grass appears green due to the presence of chlorophyll which is a green coloured pigment present in the chloroplasts of the grass leaves. 

iii) The papaya fruit appears yellow as it contains many chromoplasts which are filled with yellow coloured pigments like "xanthophylls". 

iv) The inside of a watermelon appears red in colour due to presence of the red coloured pigment known as "lycopene" in the edible part of the watermelon.

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. The term cells was first coined in 1665 by a British scientist Robert Hooke. He was the first person to study living things under a microscope and examined a thin slice of cork under a microscope and observed honeycomb-like structures. Robert Hooke called these structures as cells.

Spinach is green because of the presence of green pigment chlorophyll. Papaya is yellow because of the presence of caricaxanthin. The edible part of a watermelon is red in color because of the presence of lycopene which is a red pigment.

In unicellular organisms like Amoeba, gaseous exchange takes place through the process of diffusion.

(a) Endoplasmic reticulum 

• It plays a major role in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids. 

• It produces transmembrane proteins and lipids for its membrane and for many other cell components including lysosomes, secretory vesicles, the Golgi apparatus, the cell membrane, and plant cell vacuoles. 

(b) Lysosomes 

• Intracellular digestion 

• Removal of dead cells

Cells are fluid filled balloons having an outer membrane. Their fluid spaces contain organelles, enzymes and chemicals. Cells are the smallest entity within a living cell. It is the structural and functional part of all living organisms because this small unit itself contains the identity of the whole organism. So we can say all living like dog, cat, human, horse, insects have multiple cells having multiple specific functions. These cells perform all the biological and metabolically processes which are required for the proper functioning of organisms. 

• They maintain their structure by maintaining the turgor pressure inside the cell. 
• They process their own food, process it into energy and eliminate waste as well. 
• They reproduce continuously by cell division, so that the organism won’t die. For example in humans the life span of RBCs (red blood cells) is of 120 days, so this means after 120 days we should die, but this doesn’t happen because cells keep on dividing simultaneously and maintain their number in our body.

1. Take three raisins and weigh them on the common balance. Let this value be W₁. 

2. Keep these raisins in a bowl containing water for 2 hours.

3. Take the raisins out of the water and gently dry them with the help of blotting paper. 

4. Weigh the soaked swollen raisins again on the common balance. Let this value be W₂. The soaked swollen raisins (W₂) weigh more than the dry raisins (W₁). This is because the raisins absorbed water by the process of endosmosis.

(i) There are two main sources of stem cells, the umbilical cord and the bone marrow. 

EXPLANATION: Stem cells are special type of human cells which have the potential to develop into various different cell types unlike other cells of human. For example: they can form brain cells from muscle cells or vice versa. These stem cells come from the umbilical cord blood, and hence are called hematopoietic (blood) stem cells. They are specialized to form any type of blood cell like RBCs, WBC and platelets. Because of these humans are able to maintain continuous blood production throughout their lives. These stem cells also arise from bone marrow, which can be called as production house of stem cells. The stem cells reside inside the bone marrow and they released into the bloodstream after they are fully mature. This is from where stem cells come, form blood cells of our whole body and fight against diseases and infections.

(ii) The stem cells can be used in all types of tissues, cells in our body like they can help in forming nervous tissues for patients with neurological disorders, pancreatic cells formation for patients with pancreatic diseases and cardiac muscles formation for patients with heart issues. They can also be used to compensate the loss of blood cells in the human body for example in diseases like thalassemia in which a lot of RBC’s gets destroyed and in leukemia and lymphoma, a lot of WBC’s die losing the ability to protect body thus causing blood cancer. Now a day’s stem cells are also used in transplants for curing stem cells. 

EXPLANATION: When a baby is born, the placenta/umbilical cord blood is stored as it is highly rich in stem cells. The stem cells in the spongy part of bone marrow can also be stored for the future cure. These bone marrow and cord blood transplants can provide life to severe life-threatening diseases which are leading to heavy loss of blood cells from the body thus making the immune system highly weak. These stored stem cells can be used to generate new cells in cancer patients whose own cells are damaged or are not functioning. They also help to regenerate damaged tissues and hence may benefit in several disease cure. For example: if a person has cardiac disease, then these stem cells be inserted in the heart muscle so that it can lead to repairing of the defective heart cells.

(iii) According to scientists, there is much more to know about stem cells in the coming future. The research is going on to decipher different capabilities of stem cells in curing diseases. Though there are several challenges in therapies concerning stem cells as sometimes the receiver’s body rejects the transplanted stem cells. Scientists are dealing with similar different challenges to overcome them and build a curable future for mankind.

Students are encouraged to practice the Class 9 Science MCQ Questions of The Fundamental Unit of Life with Answers are accessible here. Students can settle these MCQ Questions for class 9 Science with Answers and survey their preparation level. 

Solving The Fundamental Unit of Life Multiple Choice Questions of Class 9 Science can be of extreme assistance as you will know about every one of the concepts. These MCQ Questions of The Fundamental Unit of Life helps for a speedy correction of the Chapter. Subsequently helping you with upgrading knowledge.

Practice MCQ Questions for class 9 Chapter-Wise

1. Which of the following can be made into crystal?

(a) A bacterium
(b) An Amoeba
(c) A virus
(d) A sperm

2. Chromosomes are made up of

(a) DNA
(b) Protein
(c) DNA and protein
(d) RNA

3. Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs in a cell?

(a) Golgi apparatus
(b) Lysosomes
(c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(d) Vacuoles

4. The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotes is also known as

(a) nucleus
(b) nucleolus
(c) nucleic acid
(d) nucleoid

5. Amoeba acquires its food through a process, termed

(a) exocytosis
(b) endocytosis
(c) plasmolysis
(d) exocytosis and endocytosis both

6. The process by which water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration, thereby equalizing water concentration is called:

(a) Evaporation
(b) Diffusion
(c) Osmosis
(d) All of the above

7. You must have observed that a fruit when unripe is green but it becomes beautifully coloured when ripe. According to you what is the reason behind this colour change?

(a) Chloroplasts change to chromosplasts
(b) Chromosplasts change to chromosomes
(c) Chloroplasts change to chromosomes
(d) Chromosplasts change to chloroplasts

8. The process of plasmolysis in a plant cell is defined as:

(a) Breakdown of the plasma membrane in hypotonic solution.
(b) Shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium
(c) Shrinkage of Nucleoplasm.
(d) None of these

9. Cell wall is absent in

(a) Plants
(b) Bacteria
(c) Fungi
(d) Mycoplasma

10. Name two cell regions containing their own genetic material.

(a) Mitochondria and Plastids
(b) Lysosomes and ribosomes
(c) Nucleus and mitochondria
(d) Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

11. Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in

(a) Endoplasmic reticulum
(b) Chromosome
(c) Lysosome
(d) Ribosome

12. The most abundant material in the plant cell wall is

(a) cellulose
(b) lipids
(c) proteins
(d) wax

13. Lysosome arises from

(a) endoplasmic reticulum
(b) golgi apparatus
(c) nucleus
(d) mitochondria

14. Cell theory was given by

(a) Schleiden and Schwann
(b) Virchow
(c) Hooke
(d) Haeckel

15. Silver nitrate solution is used to study

(a) endoplasmic reticulum
(b) golgi apparatus
(c) nucleus
(d) mitochondria

16. The cell will stay the same size…………………. Solution

(a) Hypertonic solution
(b) Hypotonic solution
(c) Isotonic solution
(d) None of them

17. Rod-shaped structure present in the nucleus called………….

(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Vacuole
(c) Proteins
(d) Chromosomes

18. Functional segments of DNA called …………

(a) RNA
(b) Genes
(c) Chromosome
(d) None of them

19. White or colorless plastids known as……………

(a) Plasmodium
(b) Plastid
(c) Chloroplast
(d) Leucoplast

20. The process of cell division by which most of the cells are divided for growth is called………….

(a) Reproduction
(b) Meiosis
(c) Mitosis
(d) None of them

Answer:

1. Answer: (c) A virus

Explanation: 'A Virus'. Viruses are considered as the intermediates between living and non- living as they cannot metabolize or reproduce on their own. For all its processes virus requires a host. Viruses can be stored as crystal-like chemicals.

2. Answer: (c) DNA and protein

Explanation: Each chromosome is made up of two components (i) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (ii) Proteins (e.g.; his tones and acidic proteins) These consist of two (unreplicated) or four (duplicated) arms and a primary constriction or centromere which gives them a particular shape due to its position.

3. Answer: (c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(ER) is responsible for the detoxification of a number of organic chemicals.

4. Answer: (d) nucleoid

Explanation: The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material.

5. Answer: (b) endocytosis

Explanation: Amoeba is an unicellular organism. It shows the holozoic mode of nutrition where it engulfs the whole food and digests it using various digestive enzymes. This method of engulfing the food molecule is called endocytosis or phagocytosis.

6. Answer: (c) Osmosis

Explanation: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

7. Answer: (a) Chloroplasts change to chromosplasts

Explanation: The change in color of the fruits on ripening is a chemical change. ... An unripe fruit is green because it contains chloroplasts in its skin. Towards the ripening of the fruit, the chloroplasts are changed into chromoplasts which gives the fruit attractive non-green colour.

8. Answer: (b) Shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium.

Explanation: Plasmolysis is the process of shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell. Plasmolysis is one of the results of osmosis and occurs very rarely in nature, but it happens in some extreme conditions.

9.Answer: (d) Mycoplasma

Explanation: Mycoplasma (Kingdom-Monera) are the simplest and smallest free living prokaryotes which are devoid of a cell wall. Plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell of mycoplasma. Nostoc is a cyanobacterium (Kingdom- Monera), in which cell wall comprises of peptidoglycans.

10. Answer: (a) Mitochondria and Plastids

Explanation: Chloroplast and mitochondria are the double membranous cell organelle. These two cell organelle, are the only one which contains their own genetic component that is the DNA.

11. Answer: (b) Chromosome

Explanation: An Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in chromosomes. The cells which lack chromosomes are Red blood cells and platelets. Chromosomes occur during cell division, and they are formed due to the coiling and folding of chromatin. If any animal cell lacks a nucleus then it will lack of chromosomes too.

12.Answer: (a) cellulose

Explanation: The cell wall is composed of cellulose, the most abundant and resistant polysaccharide on earth.

13. Answer: (b) golgi apparatus

Explanation: lysosomes which arise from the Golgi apparatus. Together with the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum is called the cell's protein machinery. Likewise, the lysosome proteins from the Golgi apparatus are marked and bundled with the late endosome in a specific vesicle to create a mature lysosome.

14. Answer: (a) Schleiden and Schwann

Explanation: The classical cell theory was proposed by Theodor Schwann in 1839.These parts were based on a conclusion made by Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1838, after comparing their observations of plant and animal cells.

15. Answer: (b) golgi apparatus

Explanation: Silver nitrate solution is used for studying the Golgi Apparatus. Golgi apparatus is an organelle that is present in eukaryotic cells which consists of a stack of flattened sacs.

16. Answer: (c) Isotonic solution

Explanation: If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell's volume will remain stable. If the solute concentration outside the cell is the same as inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is isotonic to the cell.

17. Answer: (d) Chromosomes

Explanation: The rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are called chromosomes.

18. Answer: (b) Genes

Explanation: Genes are the functional segments of DNA as they are capable of producing mRNA.

19. Answer: (d) Leucoplast

Explanation: Leucoplasts: colorless plastids for monoterpene synthesis; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids: Amyloplasts: for starch storage and detecting gravity (for geotropism).

20. Answer: (c) Mitosis 

Explanation: Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.

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(b)

Endocytosis is defined as the process of trapping a particle or substance from the external environment by engulfing it. Endocytosis is of two types viz phagocytosis, also known as cellular eating and pinocytosis, also referred to as cellular drinking. There are three types of endocytosis: 

1. Phagocytosis, 2. Pinocytosis and 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

(a) Ribosome 

(b) Plastid in plants and Mitochondria in animal 

(c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains a ribosome attached to its surface 

(d) Genes 

In parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister is the leader of cabinet and government.

(d) All these

When eukaryotic cells are placed in the following solutions the changes observed are as follows: 

• Hypotonic Solution: The water moves from a region of low osmolarity to a region of high osmolarity. In this case, since the extracellular fluid has low osmolarity, the water would rush into the cell. The cell would then expand and eventually lyse or burst. 

• Hypertonic Solution: In this case, water will leave the cell since the cell has a lower osmolarity than the extracellular fluid. As a result the cell would shrink in what is called plasmolysis. 

• Isotonic Solution: The osmolarity of both fluids is equal. As such, though water diffuses in and out, there is no net change in the volume of the cell.

• Responsible governance, 
• Restriction on autocracy of governance.

1. Dual citizenship: 

In federal government, there is a system of dual citizenship. Every person is a citizen of the union, and he gets state citizenship too. In India, there is federal system, but dual citizenship is not provided. Indian federal system accepts the principle of single citizenship. 

2. Bi – cameral system: 

In federal form of government, central legislature is bi-cameral, where lower house represents the people of entire union and upper house represents the states of the union. 

3. Double use of sovereignty: 

In federal state, sovereignty is undivided. However,the expression of sovereignty is done by both the central government and the local governments. In federal system, both types of government are independent in their respective fields.

The shape and size of the cells will remain unchanged in isotonic solution because the cells will neither loose nor gain water in it.

Cells will swell up in hypotonic s olution as water will enter in it due to endosmosis.

Cells will shrink in hypertonic solution as water will move out of the cell due to exosmosis.

Towards the legislature.

1. Inappropriate in emergency 

2. Situation of conflict.

(b) Separation of powers

In parliamentary government, restriction is put on the autocracy of the executive by way of asking questions from ministers of the government, and also by bringing in censure motion, adjournment motion, cut motion and no-confidence motion.

Merits of Federal Government: 

Following are the merits of federal government: 

1. Coordination in national unity and local autonomy: 

In federal form of government, the subjects of national importance are given to the union government, and those of regional importance are assigned to the state governments. 

2. Appropriate for countries having diversity: 

This system of form is very government for the countries having religious, cultural and linguistic diversities.

3. Political Awareness: 

In this, the cooperation of able persons is found at the required place for the resolution of local and urgent problems. 

4. Opposes autocracy: 

In the federal government, there is a clear and transparent segregation of powers between center and states, by constitution. Both the governments do not interfere in each other’s sphere of governance. The states have full autonomy in their respective areas. Therefore, the central government can never become autocratic. 

5. Administrative Efficiency: 

In federal government, the conduct of administration can be done easily and comfortably, because powers of governance are divided at different stages. As a result, the central government does not have much burden and the administration becomes more efficient and capable.

Federal form of government.

Presidential form of government.

In parliamentary form of government.

Parliamentary form of government.

Federal form of government.

By the name of ‘secretaries.’

Such a system of governance, wherein entire powers of governance of state lie with the central government as per constitution, is called unitary government. Countries, namely. Britain, Italy, Belgium, etc. have unitary governments.

The word ‘federation’ is taken from Latin language word – ‘Foedus’. Foedus means pact or agreement.

• Hostile to the principle of separation of powers 
• Origin of autocracy
• Unstable governance.

1. India 

2. Canada 

3. United States of America 

4. Switzerland

• Dual executive 
• Collective responsibility.

In parliamentary form of government, double (dual) executive works.

In unitary government, the sole source of power (governance) is the central government.