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The British established their trade centers at Surat, Agra, Ahmedabad, Broach, Madras, Calcutta and Mumbai

The British defeated the Dutch in India.

Causes for the decline of the French are :

• French army commanders in India were not given complete support by the government of France. 
• Political confusion and revolutions took place in France. This led to their decline in India. 
• French Navy was not Superior to the English Navy.

The Dutch had their trade centres in Agra, Machalipatnam, Surat, Karaikal, Patna, Nagapatna, Kochi etc.

The French opened their first warehouse at Surat in India.

The French trading centers were at Pondichery, Masulipatnam, Calicut, Mahi, Karaikal and Chandranagar.

Correct Answer is : b) Jehangir

1. Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Magellan were the sailors mentioned in the above passage.

2. He wanted to discover East Indies.

3. West Indies was discovered by Columbus.

4. He belonged to Italy.

5. Magellan, a sailor of Spain made a voyage round the world.

C) the compass and the astrolabe

B) Portuguese Explorer

He was the first Portuguese Viceroy (governor) in India.

Queen Elizabeth gave permission to British traders to trade in India.

The French East India Company was established in 1664 in India.

Answer is (B) Europe

D) Vasco Da Gama

(D) Columbus

(d) Akbar wanted to complete the conquest of Marwar by conquering Jodhpur fort

(A) Magellan

Answer is Andal

(A) The Bible

B) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Correct option is D) i, ii

1. Vedic Hinduism was regenerated and thus saved from the onslaught of Islam.

2. The Islamic tenets – unity of God and universal brotherhood – emphasised by the saints promoted harmony and peace.

3. Bhakti was a movement of the common people; it used the language of the common people for its devotional literature.

4. Bhakti movement opened up space for Indian languages to grow. It stimulated literary activity in regional languages.

5. What sustained Sanskrit, despite its decline during this period, was the support extended by the rulers of Hindu kingdoms.

6. Tamil was the only ancient Indian language remained vibrant during this period. Under the influence of devotional cults, its emphasis shifted to religion and religious literature.

7. Caste system and social disparities came to be criticised.

1. The Bhakthi movement emphasised the mutual emotional attachment and love of a devotee towards a personal God and of the God for the devotee.

2. The Azhwars and Nayanmars contibuted a lot to Tamil literature through their devotional hymns.

3. They criticised caste – based social status and advocated gender equality

4. Sages like Ramanuja and Adi Shankara too articulated ideas of social equality. In North India poets like Ramananda, Vallabhacharya and Tulsidas spread the Bhakthi cult through their devotional hymns which could save Vedic Hinduism from the onslaught of Islam.

(b) Periyazhwar

(c) GuruNanak

(c) A is correct but R is wrong

(d) Adi Shankara

(a) Moinuddin Chishti

1. Vishnu Chittar

2. Guru Granth Sahib

3. Ravi das

4. Ramanuja’s

5. Karatarpur

(1) Andal – Srivilliputhur 

(5) Gurudwaras – Sikhs

The advent of Sufis to India dates back to the Arab conquest of Sind. It gained prominence 1 during the reign of the Delhi Sultans. Sufism found adherents among both Muslims and Hindus.

1. Sufism: The word Sufi takes its origin from suf, meaning wool. The Sufis wore course garments made of wool and hence they were called Sufis. Sufism was basically Islamic but was influenced by Hindu and Buddhist (Mahayana) ideas. It rejected the stringent conduct code of the ulemas. Sufis lived in hermitages akin to monasteries and functioned outside society.

2. Sufis in medieval India were divided into three major orders. They were Chisti, Suhrawardi and Firdausi.

3. The best known Sufi sage of the early medieval period was Nizamuddin Auliya of the Chishti order, who had a large number of followers among the ruling class in Delhi.

4. Suhrawardi order was founded by an Iranian Sufi Abdul-Wahid Abu Najib. The Firdausi order was a branch of Suhrawardi order and its activities were confined to Bihar.

(c) Ramananda

1. The Azhwars, the Vaishnavite Bhakti sages and the originators of Bhakti cult, and the Nayanmars, the worshipers of Siva or the Saivites, composed devotional hymns in Tamil language, dedicated to their respective gods.

2. Vishnu-bhakti or Vaishnavism is based on Vishnu’s avatars (incarnations), particularly Krishna and Rama. The 12 Tamil Azhwars are chiefly known for their immortal hymns.

3. Two Azhwars stand out distinctly for their contribution to the promotion of the Bhakti movement.

(a) AdiShankara:

1. Adi Shankara or Shankarachariar (c. 700- 750 A.D.) preached the Advaita philosophy.

2. He set up mathas (mutts), centres of learning and worship, at Badrinath, Puri, Dwarka and Sringeri.

3. His commentary on the Brahma-sutra, which is a fundamental text of the Vedanta school and on the principal Upanishads are considered equally important.

(b) Ramanuja:

1. Ramanuja, a 11th century Vaishnava saint, was the most influential thinker of Vaishnavism.

2. He established centres to spread his doctrine of devotion, Srivaishnavism, to God Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.

Exponents of Bhakti Movement: 

1. Ramananda spread the Bhakti ideology in northern India where it became a mass movement. Vallabhacharya, a Telugu philosopher, built a temple for Lord Krishna on the Govardhan Hills near Mathura. Surdas, a blind poet and musician, was associated with this temple as well as that of Agra. His famous collection of poetry is called Sursagar. Meera Bai, wife of the crown prince of Mewar, was an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna.

2. Tulsidas’s Hindi retelling of the story of Rama in the Ramcharitmanas, the sentiment of friendship and loyalty is stressed.

3. Tukaram, a 17th century saint poet of Maharashtra, is known for his spiritual songs (abangas or kirtanas), devoted to Vitthoba, an avatar of Krishna.

1. False

2. True

3. True

4. True

5. True

1. Kabir believed that God is one and formless, even though different religious sects give him different names and forms.

2. Kabir opposed discrimination on the basis of religion, caste and wealth. He also condemned meaningless rituals.

The Azhwars and the Nayanmars composed devotional hymns in Tamil anguage.

Nambi Andar Nambi (1000 A.D.) is said to have compiled the songs of all of the Nayanmars that form the basis of Tirumurai, the basic Tamil Saivite sacred canon. It consists of 12 books, and 11 of them were assembled by Nambi. The 12th book is Sekkizhar s Periyapuranam.

There are 63 legendary Nayanmars. Among them, Gnanasampandar, Appar, and Sundarar (often called “the trio”) are worshipped as saints through their images in South Indian temples.

Tukaram, a 17th century saint poet of Maharashtra, is known for his spiritual songs abangas or Kirtanas, devoted to Vitthoba, an avatar of krishna. There is Vitthoba / Panduranga temple at Pantharpur or Pandaripuram in Sholapur district,Maharashtra.

1. Guru Nanak is considered the first guru by the Sikhs.

2. The teachings of Guru Nanak formed the basis of Sikhism, a new religious order, founded in the late 15th century.

3. His and his successors’ teachings are collected in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the holy book of the Sikhs

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of Drafting committee of the constitution.

2. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

3. The Constituent Assembly took about 2 years 11 months and 18 days to complete its work.

4. The Preamble is an introduction to the Constitution.

5. The constitution came into force in the year 1950.

Organs of the UN:

1. The General Assembly

2. The Security Council

3. The Economic and Social Council

‘Global Unity’ means the whole world being united. This is necessary for world peace. Massive destruction was caused in most of the countries during World War I. People wanted peace and historical experience proved that it was essential to establish an international organization to safeguard peace in the world, unite countries and promote co-operation.

If all the countries of the world become united with the feeling that the whole world is a family and the Earth is our common home which we must protect only then can ‘world unity’ be obtained.

B. 24^th October

World War II (1939-1945) was more destructive than the previous war. An atomic bomb was used during the World War II. Millions of innocent people were massacred and property worth billions of rupees was destroyed in this war. Almost all countries were affected in some way or the other by this war and it created havoc in the world. Diplomats across the world united to make the world free from the imminent danger of war. The President of U.S.A., Franklin D. Roosevelt put in efforts to establish a world organization.

On 24th October, 1945 United Nations Organization (U.N.O.) was established to promote world peace and take care of the welfare of the people. In the beginning this organization was known as the United Nations Organization U.N.O. but now it is known only as the United Nations (U.N.). The U.N. started with 51 nations as its members. Today the number has grown to 193.

The United Nations has its own definite objectives.

They are as follows:

• To establish friendly relations among nations.
• To enhance international security by solving international disputes.

• To safeguard and foster human rights and freedom.
• Along with these, the United Nations also aim at enhancing economic cooperation at the international level.

G. To increase business among member nations,

The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN charter.

They are:

1. To maintain international peace and security.

2. To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality.

3. To achieve international cooperation in solving, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.

4. To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.

5. To act as a common platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN.

6. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which has twice brought suffering to humans.