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Shekha was the elder brother of Chandrasen Shekha, the ruler of Amer. Shekha was a self respecting, who respected sovereignty of the state. Therefore, to preserve the dignity of Amer state he paid an annual tax. Rao Shekha showed religious tolerance, as a ruler. It was because of his efforts that Rao Shekha was a protector of women’s dignity. He martyred his life to protect women’s dignity Rao Shekha’s life teaches us that we should not foster pride even when we have excessive power. We should be sensitive and protective for the sake of humanity.

The information about the rule of Maharana Kumbha is obtained from ‘Ekling’,
Mahatmay, Rasik Priya, Kumbhalgarh Prashasti, etc.

Slave Dynasties of Delhi are :

1. Ghulam Dynasty (1206 to 1290 CE)

2. Khilji Dynasty (1290 to 1320 CE)

3. Tughlak Dynasty (1320 to 1414 CE)

4. Saiyad Dynasty (1414 to 1451 CE)

5. Lodhi Dynasty (1451 to 1526 CE)

6. Mughal Dynasty (1526 to 1707 CE)

7. British rule (1707 CE to 14 August 1947)

Dynasties of Rajasthan are :

1. Chauhan Dynasty (551 CE)

2. Guhil Dynasty (Mewar) 566 CE

3. Sisodia Dynasty (Mewar) 1326 CE

4. Guhil Dynasty (Bagur) 1177 CE

5. Guhil Dynasty (Dungarpur) 16th century

6. Guhil Dynasty (Banswara) 1518 CE

7. Guhil Dynasty (Pratapgarh) 1561 CE

8. Guhil Dynasty (Shahpura) 1631 CE

9. Rathore Dynasty (Bikaner) 1465 CE

10. Kachwaha Dynasty (Amer) 967 CE

11. Rathore Dynasty (Marwar) 13th century

12. Kachwaha Dynasty (Dhundhar) 1137 CE

13. Bhati Dynasty (Jaisalmer) 1155 CE

14. Kachwaha Dynasty (Alwar) 1771 CE

15. Yadav Dynasty (Karauli) 1348 CE.

(1) When we breathe, there is a microscopic movement in the cranial bones, which ? in turn allows the cerebrospinal fluid to move freely through the spinal column and the skull.

(2) When we are tensed or upset and don’t breathe deeply enough, the bones in S the skull become slightly stuck together preventing the fluid to circulate properly.

(1) According to the writer, we get stressed and are unable to concentrate properly is that we don’t breathe deeply enough to supply our brain with sufficient oxygen.

(2) To get oxygen into the brain, we should rub both our palms, put them below the naval and feel our belly rise every in-breath.

Correct answer is (b) 1

Correct answer is (d) 1

According to Keynes’ psychological law of consumption, although with the increase in the income, the consumption expenditure increases, however, this increase in the consumption is less than the increase in the income. In other words, the rate of increase of consumption is lesser than the rate of increase in income. This is because the consumers do not spend the whole of the increase in their income on consumption. Rather, a part of the increase in the where, AS = Aggregate supply N = Natural resources L = Labour K = Stock of capital T = State of technology Natural resources: Natural resources include the gifts of nature such as fertile land, weather conditions, adequate rainfall, flora and fauna, perennial rivers etc. The abundant availability of all these factors act in favour of production. The aggregate supply of a country bestowed with these natural resources will be higher and vice-versa. income is saved. Thus, the proportionate increase in the consumption is less than the proportionate increase in the income.

Correct answer is (c) 1

1. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC).
2. Rate of Interest.

The system of running the administration of a country cooperatively by the Governments at two levels, making laws about different subjects is called ‘Federalism’.

Ruling a large territory from a single capital city is not only difficult but may also lead to neglect of some far-flung areas.

The Government at the centre carries out tasks like defence of the entire country, foreign policy, establishing peace, etc. It is called ‘Union Government or ‘Federal Government’.

The seven Union Territories in India are New Delhi, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep.

The Indian Parliament includes the President, the Lok Sabha or the House of the People and the Rajya Sabha or the Council of States.

Answer is: Defence, Currency

Answer is: Employment, Education

Appointment of Judges by the President

Division of labour is an important feature of modem industrial organisation. Division of labour occupies so important a place in modern production process and adds so greatly to the total output and wealth of a country that Adam Smith, the father of economics, selected it as the first topic for discussion in his book, “An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations.”

Division of labour may be simple or complex. Simple division of labour refers to the production of a single commodity by a person. In a society, where simple division of labour refers to the set up, there every worker would be producing only one commodity. Some will be producing cloth, some will be making shoes, some others will be producing farm products, but everybody will be producing either farm products or clothes or shoes. In the old village societies, there prevailed this simple division of labour, and therefore, the old village society composed of farmers who produced agricultural goods, weavers who made cloth, cobblers who made and repaired shoes, etc.

However, in the modem days, division of labour is of complex type. In fact, it is the complex division of labour, which has increased so greatly the productivity of the modem production system.

Many advantages have been claimed for the mechanism of labour division. The system of division of labour has proved to be very beneficial for the society.

Advantages of Division of Labour:

(i) Increase in Productivity : The biggest benefit of division of labour is that it increases the productivity of every worker. The productive capacity of the individual and the community has increased significantly with the division of labour.

(ii) The Right Man in the Right Place : Another major benefit is that under the division of labour, the work is allocated according to the capacity and skill of the individual workers. This ensures a high level of efficiency because the right person is put into the right work. Thus, it eliminates the possibility of fitting a square peg in a round hole.

(iii) Dexterity and Skill : The worker becomes highly skilled and acquires high degree of dexterity because of the repeated performance of the same operation. As the age -old dictum goes, practice makes a man perfect. The worker acquires perfection in his skill because he has to carry out the same operation over and over again. This adds to his productivity.

(iv) Inventions are Facilitated: Another important advantage is that it promotes the development of new ideas and the development of better technology. This is due to the fact that when a worker is performing the same operation repeatedly, he can think of doing that process better and better. Even some mechanical devices can do that easily and more efficiently. Thus, the division of labour results in the invention of new machinery and better tools.

(v) Saving in Time : Under the division of labour, a worker is a part of the whole process and therefore he should only learn a part of the process. Thus long-term training that is provided unnecessarily, is avoided. This greatly saves time and money.

(vi) Economy in the Use of Tools : A worker is not given a complete set of tools for the whole process. They are made available only with those instruments which are required by them to perform that part of the process which is allocated to them. Thus, a set of tools can be used by many workers, which is a great economic benefit.

(vii) Use of Machinery Encouraged : By breaking up the production process of a commodity into small and simple operations, production can be easily carried out by suitable machines. Machines can be economically used only when they are fully used, that is, when their productive capacity is fully utilized. Division of labour involves production on a large scale and therefore permits the maximum and economical use of machinery.

(viii) Cheaper Goods : Another unique advantage of labour division is that large scale production costs are cut off. Commodity production is largely based on low cost per unit production, which ensures the production of novelties, and makes goods available at cheaper prices. Even poor people can buy them too. As a result, people’s standard of living has increased.

(ix) Rise of Entrepreneurs : Since the work is divided into various processes, someone is required to coordinate the work. This has resulted in the rise of entrepreneurs whose job is to specialize in the art of organisation. The rise of entrepreneurs has greatly contributed to the increase in efficiency and productivity of the modem economy.

Total product and average product cannot be zero in any state of production. Only when the production is stopped in the industry then such a situation may come up. Though total production and average production diminish in the second and third stages of production, they never become zero.

The excess of the land and the part of the property of society which is used for fund raising, is called capital. Capital is considered to be the most important means of production in the modern era. Raw materials, machines, buildings, equipment etc. are the forms of capital.

Following are the characteristics of land:

1. Land is Free Gift of Nature: Land is free gift of nature because man has not made or created the land.
2. Land is Immoveable : It cannot be shifted from one place to other like labour and capital.
3. Land is an Inactive Factor of Production : If it is not deployed effectively through human talent and effort, it will not produce any results.
4. Land Differs in Fertility : Two pieces of land do not have the same fertility. Mineral resources, river system, forest resources, mountain formation, fertility of soil, etc. differ from region to region.
5. Specific Factor of Production : Land is a specific factor of production because without land we cannot produce anything.
6. Imperishable : According to Ricardo, “Land is an indestructible factor of production because it cannot be destroyed.
7. Inelastic Supply of Land : In the sense of space and natural resources, land is available in the same amount whatever be the price offered. It is a free gift of nature.

The chief factors which determine the efficiency of labour are the following:

(i) Physical Fitness : The health and physical strength of the workers act significantly to determine their efficiency. An unhealthy worker is dull and tired, his morale is low and absenteeism is frequent. Not surprisingly, the production suffers in quantity and quality. Physical health and strength depend on racial factors, climate and nutritious diet that is consumed in sufficient quantity.

(ii) Level of Education and Skill : For the modem factory system of production, there is a requirement of disciplined, intelligent and mentally alert workers who can work on complex and delicate machines. An educated and skilled worker will clearly produce more than an illiterate and inefficient person. Education develops responsibility in the discipline of the labour force, and towards the job, and the material and equipment with which it works.

(iii) Natural Resources : Favourable and moderate climate, rich mineral deposits and abundant water supply, availability of electricity and transportation, also affects the efficiency of labour. Cool and temperate climate is conductive for hard work. If the resources are of good quality and are readily available in adequate quantities, then the production per hour per worker will be more than at a place where the resources are of poor quality or not available in sufficient quantity.

(iv) Division of Labour : In these days of expertise, the efficiency of labour also depends on the degree of their expertise. Workers who focus with energy, mind, training and resources on different processes are relatively more efficient, because it is practice that makes humans perfect. This improves both speed and quality of expertise and enhances overall productivity.

(v) Amount of Capital per Worker : The efficiency of labour depends largely on the quantity of capital per worker. The greater the quantity of capital such as tools, machines, with which a worker works, the greater will be his productivity. In developing countries like India, availability of capital per worker is very low, therefore, no wonder, that his productivity is also low.

(vi) Quality of Capital and Technological Progress : The efficiency of labour is also a direct function of the quality of capital goods. The productivity of labour depends not only on the quantity of capital, but also on its quanlity. A worker working with better tools will be more productive than a worker who has inferior tools.

(vii) Organisational Methods : Organisational methods also affect labour efficiency. An efficient employer can do much to raise the efficiency of his labour force by an intelligent plant layout, proper distribution of work among his employees, efficient purchase of raw materials and the installation of advanced machines. Assembly line production has increased the labour efficiency exponentially by bringing the work rather than taking the workers to work. Similarly, employers should know that good lighting, proper ventilation and hygiene of factories can go a long way in improving labour productivity. Proper environment enhances the efficiency of workers.

(viii) Hours of Work : The number of working hours of a worker is also capable of affecting efficiency. After a stage, the extended-hours worker has more stress and fatigue and his productivity goes down because he works for more than several hours. Appropriate hours of work, with a reasonable interval between the work, provides the worker with the necessary facilities and increases his efficiency.

(ix) Fair Wages : Health and efficiency go together. The health and strength of a worker depends on the amount and quality of the food consumed by him. Underpaid workers are underfed, poorly clothed, and weak in health. How can we expect them to work as efficiently as a well-paid, satisfied worker? In all advanced countries, the economy of high wages is duly recognized. Moreover, prompt payment of wages when due is also conducive to labour productivity.

(x) Healthy Trade Unions : Healthy and strong trade unions are an asset, as management of well-organized labour is easier. The experience of advanced countries has proved that due to the impact of strong trade unions, the absentiesm and indiscipline of labour has become very low. Labour leaders, when taken in confidence, have a moderating impact on extremist tendencies.

(xi) Social and Political Factors: Social security enhances labour efficiency. If workers are insured in a suitable manner for unemployment, ill health, etc., they get a new mobility and feel inspired to do their best. Similarly, a skilled national government makes sincere efforts to create a national economy that can get a ready and enthusiastic response from labour.

Correct answer is (b) Second

Labour is a active factor of production.

(a) Technical relationship between physical inputs and physical output

(c) the average product of labour is falling

• Reallocation of resources
• Stabilisation of economy
• Management of public enterprises
• Execution of plans
• Control of public fund

Outbreeding/Outcrossing/Cross-breeding/Artificial insemination/Hybridisation.

(b) main(). A C++ program must contains at least one main() function.

sum.obj is not needed and can be deleted.

In the method of questionnaire by post, a questionnaire is dispatched to respondents by post. The respondents fill up the questionnaire and send it back.

The advantages and disadvantages of this method are as follows:

Advantages:

• This method is simple, quick and provides large amount of information with less cost.
• This method proves to be more efficient if the information is to be collected from educated and responsible respondents.
• An investigator can get information from the respondents of those areas where it might be difficult to reach personally or by telephone.

Disadvantages:

• This method is not quite useful if the respondents are illiterate and are lacking the sense of cooperation.
• Sometimes respondents do not bother to read or return the questionnaire.
• It is not possible to check whether the information given is correct or incorrect.
• Sometimes, because of fear of information being misused, even educated respondents with sense of understanding avoid to provide written information or ignore returning back the questionnaire.
• Because of laziness and gloom of the respondents, there may be a loss of questionnaire or delay in getting the information.
• There is lack of assistance. Therefore clarification of the instructions or giving explanation of the questions that may arise is not attended. As a result it is possible that respondent may not provide the correct information.

The main sources of data are:

• Primary data
• Secondary data.

The two methods of collecting of primary data are:

• Personal interview
• Telephone interview etc.,

In the method of questionnaire by enumerators, enumerators themselves contact the respondents personally and fill the questionnaire.

• In this method if enumerators are enthusiastic, polite, honest and efficient in their work, correct answers to the questions are obtained by providing relevant and supplementary information to the respondents.
• The enumerators are instructed to create friendly atmosphere without entering into any contro¬versy or showing any disrespect towards the respondents.
• Whether respondents are educated or uneducated by this method it become easy to collect data.

When we use the data which will be already collected by some investigator or individuals it can be called as secondary data.

The sources of secondary data are:

1. Published sources
2. Unpublished sources.

In statistics universe or population refers to an aggregate of items to be studied for an investigation.

In questionnaire by post, a questionnaire is sent to respondents by post.

• A letter of request is sent along with the questionnaire, requesting the respondent to send the questionnaire daily filled within the stipalated time.
• A blank envelope is sent along with the questionnaire to all the respondents bearing the address of enumerator and a proper postal stamp to get it return in given period of time.
• Since the answers to the questionnaire are to be given by respondent themselves, the questions in questionnaire should be clear, short, simple, relevant and self explanatory.
• To collect data from educated and responsible persons this method of questionnaire by post is very convenient and useful.

A list of logically arranged questions relevant to the object of the study and keeping the space between the questions for answers is called a questionnaire.

• The method of obtaining information using such type of questionnaire is called a method of questionnaire.
• This method is quite useful when the field of inquiry is very vide.
• There are two ways of collecting information by questionnaire:
  1. By post and
  2. By enumerators.
• The success of this method of collecting information depends on the construction of questionnaire.
• Since there is considerable saving of time and cost in this method, it is the most economical method of inquiry.
• This method of questionnaire may be used in direct inquiry as well as indirect inquiry.

Sample is only a part of the population or the universe.

Questionnaire is the list of those questions which is filled by the person providing the information.

Sample method is that method in which data is collected from part of the sample on a group of items taken from the population for examination and conclusions are drawn on their basis.

(i) The question is not clear. The question can’t clarify how to show distance.

(ii) The question is too long which discourages people to answer and also it gives a clue about how the respondent should answer.

(iii) The question contains two negatives which creates confusion to the respondents and may lead to biased reports.

The two methods of collecting primary data are:

1. Personal interview method
2. Mailing question are method
3. Telephone interviews

The two types of data collection:

1. Primary data
2. Secondary data.

Random sampling is that method in which each unit of the population has equal chance of being selected.

(c) Model of AOA

Population or the universe in statistics means totality of the items under study so, the population here is 200 farms. Samples refers to a group or section of the population from which information is to be obtained. Out of 200 farms, only 50 farms are selected for survey. Therefore, the sample population is 50 farms.